{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:58:15Z","timestamp":1777939095760,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most debilitating problems for humans. About 6 months after the initial injury, a cascade of secondary cellular and molecular events occurs and the primary damage enters the chronic phase. Current treatments are not curative. One of the new treatment methods is the use of cell therapy, which is gradually being tested in clinical trials to improve the symptoms of SCI patients. In this review article, we investigated the effect of different cell therapy trials in improving patients' symptoms and their paraclinical indicators. In the 72 final reviewed studies with 1144 cases and 186 controls, 20 scores were recorded as outcomes. We categorized the scores into seven groups. In upper extremity motor score, daily living function, trunk stability, postural hypotension, somatosensory evoked potential, and motor evoked potential scores, the bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell therapy had a more healing effect. In the International Association of Neurorestoratology SCI Functional Rating Scale, light touch score, bowel function, decreased spasticity, Visual Analog Scale, and electromyography scores, the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell had more impact. The olfactory ensheathing cell had a greater effect on lower extremity motor score and pinprick scores than other cells. The embryonic stem cell had the greatest effect in improving the important score of the American Spinal Injury Association scale. Based on the obtained results, it seems that a special cell should be used to improve each symptom of patients with chronic SCI, and if the improvement of several harms is involved, the combination of cells may be effective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Compared to similar review articles published so far, we reviewed the largest number of published articles, and so the largest number of cases and controls, and the variety of cells we examined was more than other published articles.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We concluded that different cells are effective for improving the symptoms and paraclinical indicators of patients with chronic spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell have had the higher overall mean effect in more scores (each in six scores).<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>If the improvement of several harms is involved, the combination of cells may be effective.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2023.0130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T11:35:53Z","timestamp":1698924953000},"page":"254-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Systematic Review of Cell Therapy Efficacy in Human Chronic Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2481-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reyhaneh","family":"Abolghasemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New Hearing Technologies Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esmat","family":"Davoudi-Monfared","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Research Center and Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fakhri","family":"Allahyari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Farzanegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma Research Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","unstructured":"Jerome B Shakespeare A Groote TV. 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