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Repair and regeneration of AF are crucial to prevent herniation and recreate healthy IVD. Mechanical repair strategies, including suture, annulus closure device, and AF patch, often fall short in material-tissue integration and tissue regeneration. Recent developments in tissue engineering integrate biological science and material engineering, mainly through hybrid hydrogels and synthetic polymer scaffolds, showing promising effects on AF repair and regeneration. This review outlines various repair strategies and their limitations. It emphasizes the need for a holistic approach considering material selection, scaffold design, and incorporating cytokines or stem cells to improve AF repair outcomes. First, advancements in electrospinning, 3D printing, and porosity engineering will be discussed to enhance the integration of scaffolds with surrounding tissue to mimic a natural AF environment. Second, the benefits of adding cells or biofactors will be reviewed to strengthen cellular interactions, migration, and differentiation of stem cells. Finally, future research will be proposed to develop innovative, multifunctional scaffolds that complement personalized medicine while also considering the impact of mechanical stimulation and scaffold porosity on cell behavior and drug delivery for more efficient repair effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2025.0051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T04:57:01Z","timestamp":1749185821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Advances in Annulus Fibrosus Repair: Hybrid Scaffolds and Fabrication Techniques for Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Mi-Li-Wu-Ye-Ti","family":"ADaLi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Digital Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao-dan","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Digital Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Amy Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Digital Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Digital Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing-qing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Digital Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leni &amp; Peter W. 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