{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:22:42Z","timestamp":1785536562073,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cell delivery through spray instruments is a promising and effective method in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It is used for treating different acute and chronic wounds, including burns with different etiologies, chronic diabetic or venous wounds, postcancer surgery, and hypopigmentation disorders. Cell spray can decrease the needed donor site area compared with conventional autologous skin grafting. Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells are promising cell sources for cell spray procedures. Different spray instruments are designed and utilized to deliver the cells to the intended skin area. In an efficient spray instrument, cell viability and wound coverage are two determining parameters influenced by various physical and biological factors such as air pressure, spraying distance, viscosity of suspension, stiffness of the wound surface, and velocity of impact. Besides, to improve cell delivery by spray instruments, some matrices and growth factors can be added to cell suspensions. This review focuses on the different types of cells and spray instruments used in cell delivery procedures. It also discusses physical and biological parameters associated with cell viability and wound coverage in spray instruments. Moreover, the recent advances in codelivery of cells with biological glues and growth factors, as well as clinical translation of cell spraying, have been reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Skin wounds are a group of prevalent injuries that can lead to life-threatening complexities. As a focus of interest, stem cell therapy and spray-based cell delivery have effectively decreased associated morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes a broad scope of recent evidence related to spray-based cell therapy, instruments, and approaches adopted to make the process more efficient in treating skin wounds. An overview including utilized cell types, clinical cases, and current challenges is also provided.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2021.0158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T01:45:21Z","timestamp":1632102321000},"page":"543-558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Current Challenges on Spray-Based Cell Delivery to the Skin Wounds"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Shiva","family":"Motamedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arefeh","family":"Esfandpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8853-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhesam","family":"Babajani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Jamshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soheyl","family":"Bahrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Niknejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2006.10.382"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2011.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2008.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2016.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2017.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2012.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000250647.39784.bb"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2007.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2019.0019"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2017.0477"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2019.0337"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2019.0351"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2007.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4179(03)00155-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2010.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/000000005783982521"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2016.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0160"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","first-page":"70","article-title":"Monitoring wound healing of burn in rat model using human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells containing cGFP integrated by lentiviral vectors","volume":"21","author":"Pourfath M.R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pourfath M.R., , Behzad-Behbahani A., , Hashemi S.S., , Derakhsahnfar A., , Taheri M.N., , and Salehi S. Monitoring wound healing of burn in rat model using human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells containing cGFP integrated by lentiviral vectors. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 21, 70, 2018.","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000277380"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.09.64"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00110"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12047"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30159"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2016.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60644-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.110844"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00748"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-020-10109-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2012.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1458730"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v015a07"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Role of cord blood and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in recent deep burn: a case-control prospective study","volume":"6","author":"Abo-Elkheir W.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abo-Elkheir W., , Hamza F., , Elmofty A.M., et al. Role of cord blood and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in recent deep burn: a case-control prospective study. Am J Stem Cells, 6, 23, 2017.","journal-title":"Am J Stem Cells"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.0278"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009212"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/IJAO.2011.6508"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00132.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-017-9615-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934373"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2015.442"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-015-0020-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2013.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2013.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35774"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/biores.2015.0015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/229255039700500301"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11304"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_53_2","article-title":"Spraying of cell colloids in medical atomizers","volume":"32","author":"Sosnowski T.R.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sosnowski T.R., , Kurowska A., , Butruk B., , and Jab\u0142czy\u0144ska K. Spraying of cell colloids in medical atomizers. Chem Eng Trans, 32, 2013.","journal-title":"Chem Eng Trans"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-200021060-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2018.1526672"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12604"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_57_2","first-page":"922","article-title":"Transplantation of autologous keratinocyte suspension in fibrin matrix to chronic venous leg ulcers: improved long-term healing after removal of the fibrin carrier","volume":"34","author":"Hartmann A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hartmann A., , Quist J., , Hamm H., , Brocker E.B., , and Friedl P. Transplantation of autologous keratinocyte suspension in fibrin matrix to chronic venous leg ulcers: improved long-term healing after removal of the fibrin carrier. Dermatol Surg, 34, 922, 2008.","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.20549"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0b013e3182a88787"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/iry029"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-00961-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10508"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2011.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_65_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"A comparative study of spray keratinocytes and autologous meshed split-thickness skin graft in the treatment of acute burn injuries","volume":"27","author":"Sood R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sood R., , Roggy D.E., , Zieger M.J., , Nazim M., , Hartman B.C., , and Gibbs J.T. A comparative study of spray keratinocytes and autologous meshed split-thickness skin graft in the treatment of acute burn injuries. Wounds, 27, 31, 2015.","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irz179"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1236-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2018.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2011.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2006.10.388"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.05.067"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/iraa176"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2011.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2013.40.5.627"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12844"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_76_2","article-title":"The use of noncultured regenerative epithelial suspension for improving skin color and scars: a report of 8 cases and review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Ren JA-O","unstructured":"Ren JA-O, , Liu J., , Yu N., et al. The use of noncultured regenerative epithelial suspension for improving skin color and scars: a report of 8 cases and review of the literature. J Cosmet Dermatol, 18, 1484.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2011.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_78_2","first-page":"691","article-title":"Treatment of stable vitiligo hands by ReCell system: a preliminary report","volume":"14","author":"Cervelli V.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cervelli V., , Spallone D., , Lucarini L., , Palla L., , Brinci L., , and De Angelis B. Treatment of stable vitiligo hands by ReCell system: a preliminary report. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 14, 691, 2010.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2013.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-019-0165-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2011.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2015.06.016"}],"container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/ten.tec.2021.0158","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ten.tec.2021.0158","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ten.tec.2021.0158","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:18:39Z","timestamp":1777699119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/ten.tec.2021.0158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/ten.tec.2021.0158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.tec.2021.0158","relation":{},"ISSN":["1937-3384","1937-3392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1937-3384","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-3392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}}}