{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:15:04Z","timestamp":1792444504531,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Developing effective drug screening methods for type 2 diabetes requires physiologically relevant models. Traditional 2D cell cultures have limitations in replicating\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions, leading to challenges in assessing drug efficacy. To overcome these issues, we developed a 3D artificial muscle model that induces insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Using C2C12 myoblasts cultured in a scaffold of 1% alginate and 1 mg\/mL collagen type 1, we optimized conditions for differentiation and structural stability. Insulin resistance was induced using palmitic acid (PA), and glucose uptake was assessed using the fluorescent glucose analog 2-NBDG. The 3D model demonstrated superior glucose uptake responses compared with 2D cultures, with a threefold increase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake on days 4 and 8 of differentiation. Induced insulin resistance was observed with 0.1 mM PA, which maintained cell viability and differentiation capacity. The model was validated through comparative drug screening using rosiglitazone and metformin, as well as 165 candidate compounds provided by Korea Chemical Bank. Drug screening revealed that three out of five hit compounds identified in both 2D and 3D models exhibited greater efficacy in 3D cultures, with results consistent with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays using mouse soleus muscle. This model closely mimics\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions, offering a robust platform for type 2 diabetes drug discovery while supporting ethical research practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2024.0292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T11:03:38Z","timestamp":1738839818000},"page":"53-64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of 3D Muscle Cell Culture-Based Screening System for Metabolic Syndrome Drug Research"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yoon-Ju","family":"Na","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics &amp; Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea."},{"name":"Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoung Jin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics &amp; Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Hoon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics &amp; Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Bum","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics &amp; Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byumseok","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics &amp; Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang-Lae","family":"Hoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics &amp; Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea."},{"name":"Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408440903524262"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57121380"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01400-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2016.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020298"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02417-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102432"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2020.tb00136.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.221"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21061949"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12862"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1684-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Non-animal methodologies within biomedical research and toxicity testing","volume":"25","author":"Knight A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Knight A. Non-animal methodologies within biomedical research and toxicity testing. 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