{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:02:38Z","timestamp":1781870558997,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Experimental analyses of knee joint contractures have traditionally utilized a 6-month rabbit model as the gold standard. However, this model is time-intensive and costly. The purpose of this study was to develop an abbreviated rabbit model of knee contractures and compare it to the well-established longer model. Twenty female New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two equal groups and prospectively studied to assess knee passive extension angles (PEA), contracture angles (CA), and terminal posterior capsular stiffness. Experimental knees were immobilized for either 4 weeks (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 10) with an 8-week remobilization period in the abbreviated model (i.e., 3 months) or for 8 weeks (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 10) with a 16-week remobilization period in the standard model (i.e., 6 months). PEAs were assessed at remobilization and several time points using differing vertical forces. At sacrifice, terminal biomechanical data were collected to assess posterior capsular stiffness. Analysis of PEAs in live animals at each torque value and time point demonstrated increased PEAs and decreased CAs in the 3-month abbreviated model as compared to the 6-month standard model. At sacrifice, biomechanical analysis demonstrated that the posterior capsules of the 3-month experimental limbs were significantly more stiff than the contralateral limb (2.4 vs. 0.05 Ncm\/\u00b0,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001), but significantly less stiff compared to the 6-month experimental limbs (2.4 vs. 4.7 Ncm\/\u00b0,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001). Our study suggests that the 6-month standard rabbit knee model of arthrofibrosis should continue to be used in the laboratory assessment of arthrofibrosis. However, the abbreviated model may be beneficial under selected experimental conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2025.0044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T09:28:16Z","timestamp":1744968496000},"page":"145-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Abbreviated Rabbit Knee Model of Joint Contracture"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Kareme D.","family":"Alder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mason F.","family":"Carstens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cole E.","family":"Bothun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver B.","family":"Dilger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley N.","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Thaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Morrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquin","family":"Sanchez-Sotelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Dudakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Abdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198706000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12497"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","first-page":"624","article-title":"Knee flexion contracture associated with a contracture and worse function of the contralateral knee: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative","volume":"101","author":"Campbell TM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell TM, , Trudel G. Knee flexion contracture associated with a contracture and worse function of the contralateral knee: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Arch PM&R, 2020; 101:624\u2013632.","journal-title":"Arch PM&R"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e3180308456"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199609000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2016.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(99)00009-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2013.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"The posttraumatic stiff elbow","volume":"431","author":"Morrey BF","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morrey BF. The posttraumatic stiff elbow. 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