{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:09:21Z","timestamp":1777939761102,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is used to treat patients with cerebral ischemia. Body surface cooling provides a simple noninvasive method to induce TH. We compared three surface cooling systems (Arctic Sun with adhesive ArcticGel pads [AS]); Blanketrol III with two nonadhesive Maxi-Therm Lite blankets [BL]); and Blanketrol III with nonadhesive Kool Kit [KK]). We hypothesized that KK would remove more heat due to its tighter fit and increased surface area. Eight subjects (four females) were cooled with each system set to 4\u00b0C outflow temperature for 120 minutes. Heat loss, skin and esophageal temperature, and metabolic heat production were measured. Skin temperature was higher with KK (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002), heat loss was lower with KK in the first hour (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.014) but not after 120 minutes. Heat production increased similarly with all systems. Core temperature decrease was greater for AS (0.57\u00b0C) than BL (0.14\u00b0C;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.035), but not KK (0.24\u00b0C;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.1). Each system had its own benefits and limitations. Heat transfer capability is dependent on the cooling pump unit and the design of the liquid-perfused covers. Both Arctic Sun and Blanketrol III cooling\/pump units had 4\u00b0C output temperatures. However, the Blanketrol III unit had a greater flow rate and therefore more cooling power. The nonadhesive BL and KK covers were easier to apply and remove compared with the adhesive AS pads. AS had an early transient advantage in heat removal, but this effect decreased over the course of cooling, thus minimizing or eliminating any advantage during longer periods of cooling that occur during clinical TH.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT04332224.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ther.2023.0003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T12:10:21Z","timestamp":1685967021000},"page":"149-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Heat Transfer Capabilities of Surface Cooling Systems for Inducing Therapeutic Hypothermia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Curtis","family":"Leclerc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Talebian nia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1477-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon G.","family":"Giesbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."},{"name":"Departments of Anesthesia and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01135.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ther.2021.0005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819fffd3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003289"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.7.904"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000273"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2100591"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2335-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2010.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199009000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122669"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","first-page":"513","volume-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","author":"Erecinska M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Erecinska M, , Thoresen M, , Silver IA Effects of hypothermia on energy metabolism in mammalian central nervous system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2003; 23:513\u2013530."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(00)00252-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","unstructured":"Gentherm-Medical. 2018. Blanketrol III: Operation and technical manual. 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Pre-hospital torso-warming modalities for severe hypothermia: A comparative study using a human model. 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Immersion of distal arms and legs in warm water (ava rewarming) effectively rewarms mildly hypothermic humans. 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