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Anticancer hormone drugs may mainly alter serum levels of thyroid hormone\u2013binding proteins without clinically relevant thyroid dysfunction. Old immunomodulating drugs, such as interferon-\u03b1 and interleukin-2, are known to induce variably high incidence of autoimmune thyroid dysfunction. Newer immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies, are responsible for a relatively low incidence of thyroiditis and may induce secondary hypothyroidism resulting from hypophysitis. Central hypothyroidism is a well-recognized side effect of bexarotene. Despite their inherent selectivity, tyrosine kinase inhibitors may cause high rates of thyroid dysfunction. Notably, thyroid toxicity seems to be restricted to tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting key kinase-receptors in angiogenic pathways, but not other kinase-receptors (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptors family or c-KIT). In addition, a number of these agents may also increase the levothyroxine requirement in thyroidectomized patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pathophysiology of thyroid toxicity induced by many anticancer agents is not fully clarified and for others it remains speculative. Thyroid dysfunction induced by anticancer agents is generally manageable and dose reduction or discontinuation of these agents is not required. The prognostic relevance of thyroid autoimmunity, overt and subclinical hypothyroidism induced by anticancer drugs, the value of thyroid hormone replacement in individuals with abnormal thyrotropin following anticancer systemic therapy, and the correct timing of replacement therapy in cancer patients need to be defined more accurately in well-powered prospective clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,10]],"date-time":"2013-06-10T20:01:18Z","timestamp":1370894478000},"page":"1345-1366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Thyroid Dysfunction as an Unintended Side Effect of Anticancer Drugs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Torino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tor Vergata University of Rome","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Barnabei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regina Elena National Cancer Institute","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosamaria","family":"Paragliola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Baldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regina Elena National Cancer Institute","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marialuisa","family":"Appetecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regina Elena National Cancer Institute","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore Maria","family":"Corsello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-3-2-164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2238-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501300176462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.19.2.0328"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr373"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01806041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420090113012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-007-0038-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0080243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"1291","article-title":"5-fluorouracil-induced increase of total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine","volume":"61","author":"Beex L","year":"1977","unstructured":"Beex L, , Ross A, , Smals A, , Kloppenborg P. 1977. 5-fluorouracil-induced increase of total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine. 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