{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:25:35Z","timestamp":1777940735711,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Race\/ethnicity may be a newly recognized risk factor for Graves' disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of thyrotoxicosis by race\/ethnicity in Americans aged 12\u201349 years using three National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were analyzed from 17,939 participants in NHANES III (1988\u20131994), NHANES 1999\u20132002, and NHANES 2007\u20132010 with available thyroid function test results. Thyrotoxicosis was defined as a serum thyrotropin (TSH) of \u22640.1\u2009mIU\/L or subjects taking methimazole or propylthiouracil, and overt thyrotoxicosis was defined as high serum thyroxine and a serum TSH of \u22640.1\u2009mIU\/L. Logistic regression was performed accounting for the complex sampling design of NHANES, and the results from all three NHANES surveys were combined using a random-effects model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 75 study participants with point prevalent thyrotoxicosis, representing a pooled prevalence of 0.4% for Americans aged 12\u201349 years. Prevalent thyrotoxicosis was nearly three times more likely in non-Hispanic black subjects compared with non-Hispanic whites (OR=2.9 [CI 1.5\u20135.7]), while there was no difference between the prevalence of thyrotoxicosis in Mexican Americans compared to non-Hispanic whites (OR=1.2 [CI 0.6\u20132.4];\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      for heterogeneity=0% for both). Among 27 patients with overt thyrotoxicosis, the odds ratio was 8.7 [CI 0.7\u2013112.6] for non-Hispanic blacks and 4.6 [CI 0.4\u201359.3] for Mexican Americans compared with non-Hispanic whites.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results suggest there are race\/ethnicity differences in the prevalence of thyrotoxicosis. Future studies should address whether these differences are due to heritable factors, environmental exposures, or a combination of both.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]],"date-time":"2015-03-06T04:27:50Z","timestamp":1425616070000},"page":"621-628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Race\/Ethnicity and the Prevalence of Thyrotoxicosis in Young Americans"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Donald S.A.","family":"McLeod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Ladenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Whiteman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"356","volume-title":"Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text","author":"Davies TF","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davies TF. 2013. Pathogenesis of Graves' disease. In: Braverman LE, , Cooper DS, (eds) Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Tenth ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp 356\u2013369."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00489.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0548"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.285606"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). About the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Available at www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/about_nhanes.htm (accessed October14 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). NHANES III. Available at www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/nh3data.htm (accessed October14 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). NHANES 1999\u20132000. Available at wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/search\/nhanes99_00.aspx (accessed October14 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). NHANES 2001\u20132002. Available at wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/search\/nhanes01_02.aspx (accessed October14 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). NHANES 2007\u20132008. Available at wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/search\/nhanes07_08.aspx (accessed October14 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). NHANES 2009\u20132010. Available at wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/search\/nhanes09_10.aspx (accessed October14 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Sample design: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Available at www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/series\/sr_01\/sr01_032.pdf (accessed October14 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Analytic Note Regarding 2007\u20132010 Survey Design Changes and Combining Data Across other Survey Cycles. Available at www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/analyticnote_2007-2010.pdf (accessed October14 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Response rates and population totals. Available at www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/response_rates_CPS.htm (accessed October14 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"National health and nutrition examination survey: analytic guidelines, 1999\u20132010","volume":"161","author":"Johnson CL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnson CL, , Paulose-Ram R, , Ogden CL, , Carroll MD, , Kruszon-Moran D, , Dohrmann SM, , Curtin LR. 2013. National health and nutrition examination survey: analytic guidelines, 1999\u20132010. Vital Health Statistics 2, 161:1\u201324.","journal-title":"Vital Health Statistics 2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"Lohr SL. 2010. Sampling: Design and Analysis. Second ed. Brooks\/Cole Boston."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Analytic and reporting guidelines: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES III (1988\u201394). Available www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/nhanes3\/nh3gui.pdf (accessed October14 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03390.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.0235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"109","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis in urban black Africans: a rising incidence","volume":"58","author":"Kalk WJ","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kalk WJ. 1981. Thyrotoxicosis in urban black Africans: a rising incidence. East Afr Med J, 58:109\u2013116.","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(82)90204-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939008993388"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"930","article-title":"Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves' disease: a population-based study of two Danish twin cohorts","volume":"86","author":"Brix TH","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brix TH, , Kyvik KO, , Christensen K, , Hegedus L. 2001. Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves' disease: a population-based study of two Danish twin cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86:930\u2013934.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1055"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012513-104713"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370020049034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(90)90009-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139609059294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1996.6.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"1545","article-title":"The human leukocyte antigen HLA DRB3*020\/DQA1*0501 haplotype is associated with Graves' disease in African Americans","volume":"85","author":"Chen QY","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chen QY, , Nadell D, , Zhang XY, , Kukreja A, , Huang YJ, , Wise J, , Svec F, , Richards R, , Friday KE, , Vargas A, , Gomez R, , Chalew S, , Lan MS, , Tomer Y, , Maclaren NK. 2000. The human leukocyte antigen HLA DRB3*020\/DQA1*0501 haplotype is associated with Graves' disease in African Americans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85:1545\u20131549.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01414.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9134-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92298-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000104859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000007"}],"container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/thy.2014.0504","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/thy.2014.0504","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/thy.2014.0504","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:59:13Z","timestamp":1777701553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/thy.2014.0504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/thy.2014.0504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2014.0504","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-7256","1557-9077"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-7256","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9077","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}}}