{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:04:51Z","timestamp":1783487091147,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy has been associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. A subset of pregnant women in the United States have been shown to have mild iodine deficiency. No study has evaluated the thyroid and iodine status of women who are planning to become pregnant in the near future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid function tests, thyroid antibodies, and urine iodine levels were evaluated in women presenting for preconception screening and counseling. A thyrotropin (TSH) level above 3.0\u2009mIU\/L was considered abnormal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred and forty one women enrolled in the study. The median TSH level was 1.70\u2009mIU\/L (range 0.43\u20135.3\u2009mIU\/L). Sixteen women (11%) had a TSH above the upper limit of normal (&gt;3.0\u2009mIU\/L). Eleven women (8%) were positive for TPO-Ab and 21 women (15%) for TgAb. Twenty-three women (16%) were positive for at least one thyroid antibody (TPOAb and\/or TgAb). Median serum TSH concentrations were higher in women with detectable antithyroid antibodies than in women who were antibody negative (2.2\u2009mIU\/L vs. 1.7\u2009mIU\/L;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.005). The median urinary iodine concentration was 100.5\u2009\u03bcg (range 19\u2013843\u2009\u03bcg\/L).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present cohort exhibited the lowest median urinary iodine concentration levels to date reported in the United States for women in their childbearing years. One out of every nine women (11%) had thyroid function tests consistent with subclinical hypothyroidism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,10]],"date-time":"2015-07-10T07:50:16Z","timestamp":1436514616000},"page":"1151-1154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Marginal Iodine Status and High Rate of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Washington DC Women Planning Conception"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Stagnaro-Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmerita","family":"Dogo-Isonaige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth N.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy D.","family":"Gaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0340"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318250aeeb"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4233"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106104"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2038"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0087"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2803"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"3401","article-title":"Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: iodine extraction data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971\u20131974 and 1988\u20131994)","volume":"83","author":"Hollowell JG","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hollowell JG, , Staehling NW, , Hannon WH, , Flanders DW, , Gunter EW, , Maberly GF, , Braverman LE, , Pino S, , Miller DT, , Garbe PL, , DeLozier DM, , Jackson RJ. 1998. Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: iodine extraction data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971\u20131974 and 1988\u20131994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83:3401\u20133408.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0217"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60717-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60436-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4249"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/11.10.932"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) United Nations Children's Fund International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders 2007 Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for program managers 3rd ed. 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