{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:14:02Z","timestamp":1789726442233,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis and is an important regulator of thyroid function. Chronic iodine deficiency leads to hypothyroidism, but iodine excess also impairs thyroid function causing hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and\/or thyroiditis. This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms by which exposure to chronic iodine excess impairs pituitary\u2013thyroid axis function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Male Wistar rats were treated for two months with NaI (0.05% and 0.005%) or NaI+NaClO\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      (0.05%) dissolved in drinking water. Hormone levels, gene expression, and thyroid morphology were analyzed later.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NaI-treated rats presented high levels of iodine in urine, increased serum thyrotropin levels, slightly decreased serum thyroxine\/triiodothyronine levels, and a decreased expression of the sodium\u2013iodide symporter, thyrotropin receptor, and thyroperoxidase mRNA and protein, suggesting a primary thyroid dysfunction. In contrast, thyroglobulin and pendrin mRNA and protein content were increased. Kidney and liver deiodinase type 1 mRNA expression was decreased in iodine-treated rats. Morphological studies showed larger thyroid follicles with higher amounts of colloid and increased amounts of connective tissue in the thyroid of iodine-treated animals. All these effects were prevented when perchlorate treatment was combined with iodine excess.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present data reinforce and add novel findings about the disruption of thyroid gland function and the compensatory action of increased thyrotropin levels in iodine-exposed animals. Moreover, they draw attention to the fact that iodine intake should be carefully monitored, since both deficient and excessive ingestion of this trace element may induce pituitary\u2013thyroid axis dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T22:57:21Z","timestamp":1469573841000},"page":"1488-1498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Underlying Mechanisms of Pituitary\u2013Thyroid Axis Function Disruption by Chronic Iodine Excess in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jamile","family":"Calil-Silveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Serrano-Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Cardoso","family":"Laconca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia","family":"Schmiedecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Barrera","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayrton Kimidi","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Tereza","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4157(93)90017-I"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/379458a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8679"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00126.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.34.407"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04330.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects","author":"Preddy VR","year":"2009","unstructured":"Preddy VR, , Burrow GN, , Watson RR. 2009. 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