{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T08:05:19Z","timestamp":1779437119574,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of multiple target genes involved in several metabolic pathways as well as in inflammation. The expression and cell localization of caveolin-1 (Cav-1), thyroperoxidase (TPO), and dual oxidase (DUOX), involved in extracellular iodination, is modulated by Th1 cytokines in human normal thyroid cells and in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objectives of this study were (i) to analyze the PPAR\u03b3 protein and mRNA expression at the follicular level in HT versus controls in correlation with the one of Cav-1; (ii) to study the effects of Th1 cytokines on PPAR\u03b3 and catalase expression in human thyrocyte primary cultures; and (iii) to study the effects of pioglitazone, a PPAR\u03b3 agonist, on thyroxisome components (Cav-1, TPO, DUOX) and on catalase, involved in antioxidant defense.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the global expression of PPAR\u03b3 in the whole gland of patients with HT was not modified compared with controls, there was great heterogeneity among glands and among follicles within the same thyroid. Besides normal (type 1) follicles, there were around inflammatory zones, hyperactive (type 2) follicles with high PPAR\u03b3 and Cav-1 expression, and inactive (type 3) follicles which were unable to form thyroxine and did not express PPAR\u03b3 or Cav-1. In human thyrocytes in primary culture, Th1 cytokines decreased PPAR\u03b3 and catalase expression; pioglitazone increased Cav-1, TPO, and catalase expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PPAR\u03b3 may play a central role in normal thyroid physiology by upregulating Cav-1, essential for the organization of the thyroxisome and extracellular iodination. By upregulating catalase, PPAR\u03b3 may also contribute to cell homeostasis. The inhibitory effect of Th1 cytokines on PPAR\u03b3 expression may be considered as a new pathogenetic mechanism for HT, and the use of PPAR\u03b3 agonists could open a new therapeutic approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]],"date-time":"2016-06-20T22:02:39Z","timestamp":1466460159000},"page":"1320-1331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pioglitazone, a PPAR\u03b3 Agonist, Upregulates the Expression of Caveolin-1 and Catalase, Essential for Thyroid Cell Homeostasis: A Clue to the Pathogenesis of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Alexis","family":"Werion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Catholique de 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