{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T08:05:12Z","timestamp":1779437112652,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Marijuana is legalized for medical use in 24 states and for recreational use in 5. However, effects of marijuana use on thyroid function and autoimmunity are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2007 and 2012 to assess the effects of marijuana on thyroid function and autoimmunity in users. We included 5280 adults ages 18 to 69 years, who responded to questions related to marijuana use and had laboratory results related to thyroid parameters. Subjects were categorized as nonusers (never used), past users (used prior to 30 days ago), and recent users (used within last 30 days). Using NHANES normative cut offs for thyroid parameters, we compared recent users with nonusers and past users and calculated the odds ratios for the relative rate of clinically significant thyroid dysfunction in those groups. Multivariate logistic regression was then performed to control for confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty-four percent of subjects reported lifetime cannabis use, with 15% using it recently. Univariate regression analysis showed that recent marijuana users had significantly lower frequency of elevated thyrotropin (TSH) and positive anti-thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb) versus nonusers\/past users. After controlling for confounders, recent marijuana use remained an independent predictor for TSH &lt;5.6\u2009\u03bcIU\/mL (odds ratio of 0.344 with 95% CI of 0.127\u20130.928;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04) but not for negative TPOAb.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent marijuana use was not associated with thyroid dysfunction but was significantly associated with lower levels of TSH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]],"date-time":"2016-10-31T23:07:16Z","timestamp":1477955236000},"page":"167-173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of Marijuana Use on Thyroid Function and Autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sonali","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maimonides Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubina A.","family":"Heptulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital at Montefiore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Homel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roja","family":"Motaghedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maimonides Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2015). Behavioral health trends in the United States: results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Available at: www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/NSDUH-FRR1-2014\/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf (accessed October20 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Hashish: Its Chemistry and Pharmacology","author":"Miras CJ","year":"1965","unstructured":"Miras CJ. 1965. Some aspects of cannabis action. In: Wolstenholme GEW, , Knight J (eds) Hashish: Its Chemistry and Pharmacology. Little, Brown and Co., Boston, MA, pp:37\u201350."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"90S","article-title":"Endocrine effects of marijuana. J","volume":"42","author":"Brown TT","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brown TT, , Dobs AS. 2002. Endocrine effects of marijuana. J. Clin Pharmacol, 42:90S\u201396S.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01968699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(84)90303-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.09.140"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Chronic cannabis abuse, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and thyroid function","volume":"46","author":"Bonnet U","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bonnet U. 2013. Chronic cannabis abuse, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and thyroid function. Pharmacopsychiatry, 46:35\u201336.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(02)00255-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2014.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP09176.OR"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-10-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2014.29.1.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2015.30.3.246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1470255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-08-0380"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"2687","article-title":"Normal human pituitary gland and pituitary adenomas express cannabinoid receptor type 1 and synthesize endogenous cannabinoids: first evidence for a direct role of cannabinoids on hormone modulation at the human pituitary level","volume":"86","author":"Pagotto U","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pagotto U, , Marsicano G, , Fezza F, , Theodoropoulou M, , Grubler Y, , Stalla J, , Arzberger T, , Milone A, , Losa M, , Di Marzo V, , Lutz B, , Stalla GK. 2001. Normal human pituitary gland and pituitary adenomas express cannabinoid receptor type 1 and synthesize endogenous cannabinoids: first evidence for a direct role of cannabinoids on hormone modulation at the human pituitary level. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86:2687\u20132696.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/346561a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09876-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.2.161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9445-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"244","article-title":"Hypothyroidism: an update","volume":"86","author":"Gaitonde DY","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gaitonde DY, , Rowley KD, , Sweeney LB. 2012. Hypothyroidism: an update. 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