{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:45:16Z","timestamp":1792010716985,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Heterozygous mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">THRA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene cause resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTH\u03b1), a disease characterized by variable manifestations reminiscent of untreated congenital hypothyroidism but a raised triiodothyronine\/thyroxine ratio and normal thyrotropin levels. It was recently described that zebrafish embryos expressing a dominant negative (DN) form of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">thraa<\/jats:italic>\n                      recapitulate the key features of RTH\u03b1, and that zebrafish and human receptors are functionally interchangeable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study expressed several human thyroid hormone receptor alpha (hTR\u03b1) variants in zebrafish embryos and analyzed the resulting phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All hTR\u03b1-injected embryos showed variable defects, including cerebral and cardiac edema likely caused by an aberrant looping during heart development, anemia, and an incomplete formation of the vascular network. Moreover, the hTR\u03b1-injected embryos presented severe defects of motorneurons and craniofacial development, thus affecting their autonomous feeding and swimming behaviors. Surprisingly, expression of all hTR\u03b1 mutants had no detectable effect on thyrotropin beta and thyrotropin-releasing hormone transcripts, indicating that their DN action is limited on the thyroid hormone reception beta 2 targets at the hypothalamic\/pituitary level\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . As previously described\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , treatment with high triiodothyronine doses can efficiently revert the observed defects only in embryos injected with missense hTR\u03b1 variants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Injection of human\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">THRA<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants in zebrafish embryos causes tissue-specific defects recapitulating most of the RTH\u03b1 clinical and biochemical manifestations. The described manipulation of zebrafish embryos represents a novel\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      model to screen the functional consequences of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">THRA<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants and the rescue potential of new therapeutic compounds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]],"date-time":"2016-11-03T22:05:44Z","timestamp":1478210744000},"page":"279-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["<i>In vivo<\/i>\n                    Functional Consequences of Human\n                    <i>THRA<\/i>\n                    Variants Expressed in the 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