{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:09:38Z","timestamp":1790190578681,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase in risk for late-onset thyroid cancer due to radiation exposure is a potential health effect after a nuclear power plant accident mainly due to the release of radioiodine in fallout. The risk is particularly elevated in those exposed during infancy and adolescence. To estimate the possibility and extent of thyroid cancer occurrence after exposure, it is of utmost importance to collect and analyze epidemiological information providing the basis for evaluation of radiation risk, and to consider radiobiology and molecular genetics. In this regard, the dose\u2013response of cancer risk, temporal changes in the rates of thyroid cancer, its histopathological types and subtypes, and frequency of underlying genetic abnormalities are important. At present, however, it is difficult or impossible to distinguish radiation-induced thyroid cancer from spontaneous\/sporadic thyroid cancer because molecular radiation signatures, biomarkers of radiation exposure, or genetic factors specific to radiation-induced cancer have not yet been identified. The large-scale ultrasound screening in Fukushima Prefecture of Japan demonstrated a high detection rate of thyroid cancer in young individuals, revealing 116 and 71 cases in the first and second rounds, respectively, among the same cohort of approximately 300,000 subjects. These findings raised concerns among residents and the public that it might be due to putative exposure to radiation from the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. This review summarizes evaluations by international organizations and reviews scientific publications by the authors and others on childhood thyroid cancer, especially those relevant to radiation, including basic studies on molecular mechanisms of thyroid carcinogenesis. Clinical details are also provided on surgical cases in Fukushima Prefecture, and the effect of thyroid ultrasound screening is discussed. Correct understanding of issues relating to radiation and the thyroid are essential for interpretation of thyroid cancer in Fukushima.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T01:00:25Z","timestamp":1506560425000},"page":"11-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Lessons from Fukushima: Latest Findings of Thyroid Cancer After the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Shunichi","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukushima Medical University","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukushima Medical University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Shimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Saenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Yamashita S Thomas G (eds) 2017. Thyroid Cancer and Nuclear Accidents: Long-Term Aftereffects of Chernobyl and Fukushima. Academic Press Elsevier Inc. Cambridge MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60994-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20120105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27749"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/359021a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1811"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncw189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 2014 Sources and effects of ionizing radiation.. UNSCEAR 2013 Report to the General Assembly with scientific annexes. Volume I Annex A: Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami. Available at: www.unscear.org\/docs\/publications\/2013\/UNSCEAR_2013_GA-Report.pdf (accessed May17 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency 2015 The Fukushima Daiichi accident. Available at: www-pub.iaea.org\/books\/IAEABooks\/10962\/The-Fukushima-Daiichi-Accident (accessed May17 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Rothman K Greenland S Lash TL. 2008. Modern Epidemiology. Third edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14213.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 2011 Sources and effects of ionizing radiation.. UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly with scientific annexes. Volume II Scientific Annex D: Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident. United Nations New York NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection 2009 Application of the Commission's Recommendations for the Protection of People in Emergency Exposure Situations. ICRP Publication 109. Ann. ICRP 39 (1)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrw061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2719"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0211-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302007000500012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605967"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002674"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"Ivanov VK KV Chekin SYu Maksioutov MA Tumanov KA Meniailo AN Vlasov OK Kochergina EV Kashcheeva PV Shchukina NV Galkin VN Kaprin AD Saenko VA Yamashita S. 2016. Thyroid cancer: lessons of Chernobyl and projections for Fukushima. Radiat Risk 25:5\u201319(in Russian). English abstract available at: www.radiation-and-risk.com\/en\/year2016-en\/issue2\/969-1 (accessed July19 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1501993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5489.138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"2459","article-title":"High prevalence of RET rearrangement in thyroid tumors of children from Belarus after the Chernobyl reactor accident","volume":"11","author":"Klugbauer S","year":"1995","unstructured":"Klugbauer S, , Lengfelder E, , Demidchik EP, , Rabes HM. 1995. High prevalence of RET rearrangement in thyroid tumors of children from Belarus after the Chernobyl reactor accident. Oncogene, 11:2459\u20132467.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI69766"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3303-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"1152","article-title":"Integration of a radiation biomarker into modeling of thyroid carcinogenesis and post-Chernobyl risk assessment","volume":"37","author":"Kaiser JC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaiser JC, , Meckbach R, , Eidemuller M, , Selmansberger M, , Unger K, , Shpak V, , Blettner M, , Zitzelsberger H, , Jacob P. 2016. Integration of a radiation biomarker into modeling of thyroid carcinogenesis and post-Chernobyl risk assessment. Carcinogenesis, 37:1152\u20131160.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2016.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14517"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2011-100063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0541"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0431"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-2066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ15-0726"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12712"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812768-1.00015-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","unstructured":"Radiation Medical Science Center FMU. The 27th Prefectural Oversight Committee Meeting for Fukushima Health Management Survey. Available at: http:\/\/fmu-global.jp\/survey\/proceedings-of-the-27th-prefectural-oversight-committee-meeting-for-fukushima-health-management-survey\/ (accessed July18 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539516686164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ14-0478"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0367"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0662"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2015.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.45.203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000205977.74806.0b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1634"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10725"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2015.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30112-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000437263"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1409841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60909-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih\/e2015004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1604412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1507622"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2017.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000281686.14210.4f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.351.6277.1022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539516685400"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","unstructured":"Radiation Medical Science Center Fukushima Medican University. Thyroid Ultrasound Examination (Preliminary Baseline Screening). Supplemental Report of the FY 2016 Survey. Available at: http:\/\/fmu-global.jp\/download\/thyroid-ultrasound-examination-first-full-scale-thyroid-screening-program-5\/?wpdmdl=2690 (accessed July18 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","unstructured":"Radiation Medical Science Center Fukushima Medical University. Report of Second-Round Thyroid Ultrasound Examinations (First Full-Scale Thyroid Screening Program). Available at: http:\/\/fmu-global.jp\/download\/thyroid-ultrasound-examination-first-full-scale-thyroid-screening-program-5\/?wpdmdl=2692 (accessed July18 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","unstructured":"Radiation Medical Science Center Fukushima Medical University. Report of Third-Round Thyroid Ultrasound Examinations (Second Full-Scale Thyroid Screening Program). Available at: http:\/\/fmu-global.jp\/download\/thyroid-ultrasound-examination-second-full-scale-thyroid-screening-program-7\/?wpdmdl=2693 (accessed July18 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","unstructured":"Radiation Medical Science Center Fukushima Medical University. Fukushima Health Management Survey. Available at: http:\/\/fmu-global.jp\/fukushima-health-management-survey\/ (accessed July18 2017)."}],"container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/thy.2017.0283","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/thy.2017.0283","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/thy.2017.0283","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:03:36Z","timestamp":1777586616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/thy.2017.0283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/thy.2017.0283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2017.0283","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-7256","1557-9077"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-7256","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9077","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}}}