{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:20:19Z","timestamp":1791555619555,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most commonly reported symptom of hyperthyroidism is weight loss; successful treatment increases weight. Weight gain faced by patients with hyperthyroidism is widely considered a simple reaccumulation of premorbid weight, whereas many patients feel there is a significant weight \u201covershoot\u201d attributable to the treatment. We aimed to establish if weight gain seen following treatment for hyperthyroidism represents replenishment of premorbid weight or \u201covershoot\u201d beyond expected regain and, if there is excessive weight gain, whether this is associated with the applied treatment modality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We calculated the risk of becoming obese (body mass index [BMI] &gt;30\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) following treatment for hyperthyroidism by comparing BMI of 1373 patients with overt hyperthyroidism seen in a secondary care setting with the age- and sex-matched background population (Health Survey for England, 2007\u20132009). Next, we investigated the effect of treatment with an antithyroid drug (ATD) alone in regard to ATD with radioactive iodine (\n                      <jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>\n                      I) therapy. We modeled the longitudinal weight data in relation to the treatment pathway to thyroid function and the need for long-term thyroxine replacement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During treatment of hyperthyroidism, men gained 8.0\u2009kg (standard deviation \u00b17.5) and women 5.5\u2009kg (\u00b16.8). At discharge, there was a significantly increased risk of obesity in male (odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.7 [95% confidence interval 1.3\u20132.2],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and female (1.3, 1.2\u20131.5,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) patients with hyperthyroidism compared with the background population. Treatment with\n                      <jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>\n                      I was associated with additional weight gain (0.6\u2009kg, 0.4\u20130.8,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), compared with ATD treatment alone. More weight gain was seen if serum thyrotropin (TSH) was markedly increased (TSH &gt;10 mIU\/L; 0.5\u2009kg, 0.3\u20130.7,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) or free thyroxine (fT4) was reduced (fT4\u2009\u2264\u200910\u2009pmol\/L (0.8\u2009ng\/dL); 0.3\u2009kg, 0.1\u20130.4,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) during follow-up. Initiation of levothyroxine was associated with further weight gain (0.4\u2009kg, 0.2\u20130.6,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and the predicted excess weight gain in\n                      <jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>\n                      I-induced hypothyroidism was 1.8\u2009kg.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Treatment for hyperthyroidism is associated with significant risks of becoming obese.\n                      <jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>\n                      I treatment and subsequent development of hypothyroidism were associated with small but significant amounts of excess weight gain compared with ATD alone. We advocate that the discussion over the weight \u201covershoot\u201d risk forms part of the individualized treatment decision-making process.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]],"date-time":"2019-08-03T02:49:31Z","timestamp":1564800571000},"page":"1380-1389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Patients Treated for Hyperthyroidism Are at Increased Risk of Becoming Obese: Findings from a Large Prospective Secondary Care Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Torlinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research; Birmingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research; Birmingham, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristien","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2495"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03338.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0299"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760143854"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.17.3.456"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0229"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.1.71"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2321"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3459"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","first-page":"529","article-title":"Weight gain in patients after therapy for hyperthyroidism","volume":"93","author":"Brunova J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brunova J, , Bruna J, , Joubert G, , Koning M. 2003. Weight gain in patients after therapy for hyperthyroidism. S Afr Med J, 93:529\u2013531.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1623995"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0395"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) 1995 Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. WHO Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","volume-title":"ACB BTA BTF","author":"2006 UK Guidelines for the Use of Thyroid Function Tests","unstructured":"2006 UK Guidelines for the Use of Thyroid Function Tests. ACB BTA BTF, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","unstructured":"Higgins V Marshall A. 2012. Health Survey for England Time Series Dataset 1991\u20132009. UK Data Service. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-7025-1 (accessed April24 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","unstructured":"Health Survey for England 2009 Vol. 2: methods and documentation: The Health and Social Care Information Centre. 2010. Available at https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk (accessed April24 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP09374.OR"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","first-page":"359","article-title":"Treatment of severe thyroid function disorders and changes in body composition","volume":"67","author":"Stangierski A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stangierski A, , Ruchala M, , Krauze T, , Moczko J, , Guzik P. 2016. Treatment of severe thyroid function disorders and changes in body composition. Endokrynol Pol, 67:359\u2013366.","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","first-page":"764","article-title":"Predictors of treatment failure, incipient hypothyroidism, and weight gain following radioiodine therapy for Graves' thyrotoxicosis","volume":"36","author":"Gibb FW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gibb FW, , Zammitt NN, , Beckett GJ, , Strachan MWJ. 2013. Predictors of treatment failure, incipient hypothyroidism, and weight gain following radioiodine therapy for Graves' thyrotoxicosis. J Endocrinol Invest, 36:764\u2013769.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01329.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-2-199801150-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0312-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1601"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2225"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003693309003500609"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00009.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70069-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-003-0355-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0067"}],"container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/thy.2018.0731","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/thy.2018.0731","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/thy.2018.0731","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:05:31Z","timestamp":1777586731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/thy.2018.0731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/thy.2018.0731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2018.0731","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-7256","1557-9077"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-7256","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9077","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}}}