{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:54:03Z","timestamp":1790456043783,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severe maternal iodine deficiency can impact fetal brain development through effects on maternal and\/or fetal thyroid hormone availability. The effects of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency on thyroid function are less clear. The aim was to investigate the association of maternal urinary iodine concentration corrected for creatinine (UI\/Creat) with thyroid function and autoantibodies in a mild-to-moderate iodine-deficient pregnant population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was embedded within the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and child, Asthma and allergy (SELMA) study. Clinical reference ranges were determined by the 2.5th and 97.5th population-based percentile cutoffs. The associations of UI\/Creat with thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), total T4 (TT4), and total T3 (TT3) were studied using multivariable linear regression in thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb)-negative women. The association of UI\/Creat with TPOAb and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) positivity was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Urinary iodine and thyroid function were measured at a median (95% range) gestational age of 10 (6\u201314) weeks in 2009 women. The median (95% range) UI\/Creat was 85\u2009\u03bcg\/g (36\u2013386) and the UI\/Creat was below 150\u2009\u03bcg\/g in 80.1% of women. Reference ranges did not differ substantially by UI\/Creat. A lower UI\/Creat was associated with a lower TSH (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.027), a higher TT4 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.032), and with a corresponding trend toward slightly higher fT4 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.081), fT3 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.079), and TT3 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.10). UI\/Creat was not associated with the fT4\/fT3 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.94) or TT4\/TT3 ratios (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.63). Women with a UI\/Creat of 150\u2013249\u2009\u03bcg\/g had the lowest prevalence of TPOAb positivity (6.1%), while women with a UI\/Creat of &lt;150\u2009\u03bcg\/g had a higher prevalence (11.0%, odds ratio [OR] confidence interval [95% CI] 1.84 [1.07\u20133.20],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029). Women with a UI\/Creat \u2265500\u2009\u03bcg\/g showed the highest prevalence and a higher risk of TPOAb positivity, however, only a small proportion of women had such a UI\/Creat (12.5%, OR, [95% CI] 2.36 [0.54\u201310.43],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.26).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We could not identify any meaningful differences in thyroid function reference ranges. Lower iodine availability was associated with a slightly lower TSH and a higher TT4. Women with adequate iodine intake had the lowest risk of TPOAb positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T05:25:59Z","timestamp":1568611559000},"page":"1660-1668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Association of Maternal Iodine Status in Early Pregnancy with Thyroid Function in the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and Child, Asthma and Allergy Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Deborah","family":"Levie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands."},{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands."},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Derakhshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten A.C.","family":"Broeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, M\u00e1xima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph A.","family":"de Poortere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, M\u00e1xima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin P.","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl-Gustaf","family":"Bornehag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden."},{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Demeneix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7221, Laboratoire d'Evolution des R\u00e9gulations Endocriniennes, CNRS\/Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim 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