{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:22:25Z","timestamp":1777875745777,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T3]) is essential for the development throughout vertebrates. Anuran metamorphosis mimics mammalian postembryonic development, a period around birth when plasma T3 level peaks and many organs\/tissues mature into their adult forms. Compared with the uterus-enclosed mammalian embryos, tadpoles can be easily manipulated to study the roles of T3 and T3 receptors (TRs) in tissue remodeling and adult organ development. We and others have previously knocked out\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TR\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TR\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the diploid anuran\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and reported distinct effects of the two receptor knockouts on metamorphosis. However, animals lacking either TR\u03b1 or TR\u03b2 can complete metamorphosis and develop into reproductive adults.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We have generated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TR\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TR\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      double knockout animals and carried out molecular and morphological analyses to determine if TR is required for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                      development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TR<\/jats:italic>\n                      double knockout tadpoles do not respond to T3, supporting the view that there are no other\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TR<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">X. tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and that TR is essential for mediating the effects of T3\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Surprisingly, the double knockout tadpoles are able to initiate metamorphosis and accomplish many metamorphic changes, such as limb development. However, all double knockout tadpoles stall and eventually die at stage 61, the climax of metamorphosis, before tail resorption takes place. Analyses of the knockout tadpoles at stage 61 revealed various developmental abnormalities, including precocious ossification and extra vertebrae.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our data indicate that TRs are not required for the initiation of metamorphosis but is essential for the completion of metamorphosis. Furthermore, the differential effects of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TR<\/jats:italic>\n                      knockout on different organs\/tissues suggest tissue-specific roles for TR to control temporal coordination and progression of metamorphosis in various organs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T05:19:00Z","timestamp":1576732740000},"page":"300-313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Organ-Specific Requirements for Thyroid Hormone Receptor Ensure Temporal Coordination of Tissue-Specific Transformations and Completion of\n                    <i>Xenopus<\/i>\n                    Metamorphosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yuki","family":"Shibata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morihiro","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Bo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950150404"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"John Wiley & Sons","author":"Shi Y-B","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shi Y-B. 1999. 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