{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:16:14Z","timestamp":1790342174908,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been suggested to affect thyroid function; however, data on early-life exposure and thyroid function in early childhood are scarce. We investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships of early-life exposure to PFAS with thyroid function at 2, 4, and 6 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used data on PFAS exposure and thyroid function from the Environment and Development of Children (EDC) cohort study. A total of 660 children who visited at least once at 2, 4, or 6 years of age (381 children aged 2 years, 569 children aged 4 years, and 511 children aged 6 years) were included in this study. Serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels were measured at 2, 4, and 6 years of age. The relationship of serum PFAS (sPFAS) concentrations with TSH levels at the three time points was assessed by repeated-measure analysis using linear mixed models. The serum levels of free thyroxine (fT4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured once (at 6 years of age). The relationship of sPFAS with fT4 and T3 levels at 6 years of age was investigated by linear regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      None complained of hyper- or hypothyroid symptoms with normal fT4 and T3 levels. Repeated-measure analysis showed that TSH levels at 2, 4, and 6 years of age were inversely associated with serum perfluorononanoic acid (sPFNA), after adjusting for age, sex, and\/or dietary iodine intake (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). When stratified by sex, TSH levels were inversely associated with serum perfluorooctanoic acid (sPFOA) in boys and sPFNA in girls (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 for both). fT4 levels at 6 years of age were positively related to sPFNA and serum perfluorohexane sulfonic acid at 2 years of age and sPFOA at 6 years of age, and T3 levels at 6 years of age showed positive relationships with serum perfluorodecanoic acid and serum perfluorooctane sulfonic acid at 6 years of age (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 for all). When stratified by sex, similar positive relationships for sPFAS with fT4 and T3 levels were significant among boys only.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A significant relationship was found between early-life exposure to PFAS and thyroid function. Early-life exposure to PFAS was associated with decreased TSH and increased fT4 or T3 levels among preschool-age children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T10:04:33Z","timestamp":1588673073000},"page":"1556-1565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Relationship Between Perfluoroalkyl Substances Concentrations and Thyroid Function in Early Childhood: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Hwa Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoung-Nam","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"Division of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choong Ho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Hee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna Inhyang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bung-Nyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Chul","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Ah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of 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