{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T10:49:47Z","timestamp":1782384587059,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Iodine supplementation is recommended to pregnant women in iodine-deficient populations, but the impact in moderate iodine deficiency is uncertain. We assessed the effect of an iodine-containing prenatal multiple micronutrient (MMN) supplement in a rural Gambian population at risk of moderate iodine deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study uses data and samples collected as a part of the randomized controlled trial Early Nutrition and Immune Development (ENID; ISRCTN49285450) conducted in Keneba, The Gambia. Pregnant women (&lt;20 weeks gestation) were randomized to either a daily supplement of MMNs containing 300\u2009\u03bcg of iodine or an iron and folic acid (FeFol) supplement. Randomization was double blinded (participants and investigators). The coprimary outcomes were maternal urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and serum thyroglobulin (Tg), assessed at baseline and at 30 weeks' gestation. Secondary outcomes were maternal serum thyrotropin (TSH), total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4) (assessed at baseline and at 30 weeks' gestation), breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) (assessed at 8, 12, and 24 weeks postpartum), infant serum Tg (assessed at birth [cord], 12, and 24 weeks postpartum), and serum TSH (assessed at birth [cord]). The effect of supplementation was evaluated using mixed effects models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 875 pregnant women were enrolled between April 2010 and February 2015. In this secondary analysis, we included women from the MMN (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009219) and FeFol (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009219) arm of the ENID trial. At baseline, median (interquartile range or IQR) maternal UIC and Tg was 51\u2009\u03bcg\/L (33\u201382) and 22\u2009\u03bcg\/L (12\u201339), respectively, indicating moderate iodine deficiency. Maternal MMN supplement increased maternal UIC (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), decreased maternal Tg (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and cord blood Tg (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared with FeFol. Maternal thyroid function tests (TSH, TT3, TT4, and TT3\/TT4 ratio) and BMIC did not differ according to maternal supplement group over the course of the study. Median (IQR) BMIC, maternal UIC, and infant Tg in the MMN group were 51\u2009\u03bcg\/L (35\u201372), 39\u2009\u03bcg\/L (25\u201364), and 87\u2009\u03bcg\/L (59\u2013127), respectively, at 12 weeks postpartum, and did not differ between supplement groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supplementing moderately iodine-deficient women during pregnancy improved maternal iodine status and reduced Tg concentration. However, the effects were not attained postpartum and maternal and infant iodine nutrition remained inadequate during the first six months after birth. Consideration should be given to ensuring adequate maternal status through pregnancy and lactation in populations with moderate deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T08:43:36Z","timestamp":1584521016000},"page":"1355-1365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of an Iodine-Containing Prenatal Multiple Micronutrient on Maternal and Infant Iodine Status and Thyroid Function: A Randomized Trial in The Gambia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Kamilla G.","family":"Eriksen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Hunziker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.1185"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007360928"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.110429"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0651"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665118002835"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30332-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041384"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) United Nations Children's Fund International Council for Control of IDD 2007 Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: A Guide for Pogramme Managers. 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