{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T16:27:59Z","timestamp":1782145679848,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incidence rates of thyroid cancer in children and young adults (age 0\u201319 years) have nearly doubled over a recent 15-year period in the United States. Children with thyroid cancer may require long-term therapy and surveillance and are at greater risk for second primary malignancies. High-dose exposure to ionizing radiation is the only known nongenetic risk factor; the vast majority of cases have an unknown etiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a population-based nested case-control study to evaluate the relationship between a range of birth characteristics and the risk of pediatric thyroid cancer. Using linked birth records and cancer registry data from California, we included 1012 cases who were diagnosed with first primary thyroid cancer at the age of 0\u201319 years from 1988 to 2015 and 50,600 birth-year matched controls (1:50 case to control ratio). We estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by using multivariable logistic regression models applied to the full population and stratified by thyroid cancer subtypes (papillary and follicular), race\/ethnicity (white and Hispanic), and age at diagnosis (0\u201314 and 15\u201319 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hispanic ethnicity (OR: 1.20 [CI 1.01\u20131.42]), higher birth weight (OR: 1.11 [CI 1.04\u20131.18] per 500g), and higher maternal education (13\u201315 years OR: 1.35 [CI 1.09\u20131.68], 16+ years OR: 1.35 [CI 1.07\u20131.71]) were associated with an increased risk of pediatric thyroid cancer, while male sex (OR: 0.21 [CI 0.18\u20130.25]) and higher birth order (third or higher OR: 0.81 [CI 0.68\u20130.98]) were associated with a decreased risk. Some heterogeneity was observed across subtype, most notably an elevated OR with higher birth order for follicular thyroid cancer, in contrast to the reduced risk for this category among papillary thyroid cancer cases (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value for interaction\u2009=\u20090.01). Hispanic ethnicity was a risk factor for papillary, but not follicular thyroid cancer (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value for interaction\u2009=\u20090.07).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this population-based study of birth characteristics and pediatric thyroid cancer, we identified several important risk factors for pediatric thyroid cancer, including female sex, Hispanic ethnicity, higher birth weight, higher maternal educational attainment, and lower birth order. Our data provide new areas for replication and investigation of biological mechanisms for this poorly understood malignancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T01:46:59Z","timestamp":1599788819000},"page":"596-606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Birth Characteristics and Risk of Pediatric Thyroid Cancer: A Population-Based Record-Linkage Study in California"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Nicole C.","family":"Deziel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Section of Surgical Outcomes and Epidemiology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Wiemels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libby","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra J.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Metayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32125"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199804000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13569"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"200","article-title":"Differentiated thyroid cancer in children and adults: same or distinct disease?","volume":"6","author":"Jarzab B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jarzab B, , Handkiewicz-Junak D. 2007. 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