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The pituitary glycoprotein hormone, thyrotropin (TSH), controls the activity of the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the negative feedback mechanism of circulating TH regulate the synthesis and the secretion of TSH. The dynamic interplay of these two dominant mechanisms has essential effects on TSH release. Therefore, the finding of abnormal serum levels of TSH often indicates the presence of a disorder of thyroid gland function. A summary of key historical discoveries in the understanding of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary axis is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T14:01:45Z","timestamp":1675087305000},"page":"785-790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Discoveries Around the Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Thyroid Axis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Jerome M.","family":"Hershman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Beck-Peccoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emeritus Professor, University of Milan, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1948.28.2.139"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00708.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-77-18862"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0170286"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-100-24528"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196312122692407"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03340150087037"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0210169"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.44.1130.280"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.44.1143.755"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-27-6-755"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(70)90764-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-57-4-439"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-5-2444"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/226321a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21620"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00401"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1643"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01233209"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","first-page":"3416","article-title":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the anterior pituitary","volume":"139","author":"Bruhn TO","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bruhn TO, , Rondeel JM, , Jackson IM. 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