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The development of isotopic radioimmunoassay techniques around 1960, followed by the advent of monoclonal antibody technology in the mid-1970s, led to the development of a nonisotopic immunometric assay methodology that forms the backbone of present-day thyroid testing. This review discusses the development of methods for measuring total thyroxine and triiodothyronine, direct and indirect free thyroid hormone measurements and estimates (free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine), thyrotropin (TSH), thyroid autoantibodies (thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin [Tg] and TSH receptor autoantibodies), and Tg protein. Despite progressive improvements made in sensitivity and specificity, current thyroid tests remain limited by between-method differences in the numeric values they report, as well as nonspecific interferences with test reagents and interferences from analyte autoantibodies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid disease affects \u223c10% of the U.S. population and is mostly managed on an outpatient basis, generating 60% of endocrine laboratory tests. In future, it is hoped that interferences will be eliminated, and the standardization\/harmonization of tests will facilitate the establishment of universal test reference ranges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T16:51:43Z","timestamp":1681145503000},"page":"407-419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Laboratory Thyroid Tests: A Historical Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Carole Ann","family":"Spencer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0190"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2019.39.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200800607"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/enr-2021-0012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci111245"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/jcdr\/2017\/28293.10180"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-1-130"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"S180","volume":"16","author":"Kaptein EM","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kaptein EM, , Feinstein EI, , Nicoloff JT, et al. 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