{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:25:54Z","timestamp":1777875954095,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies have reported gut microbiome alterations in Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis (HT) patients. Yet, it is unknown whether an aberrant microbiome is present before clinical disease onset in participants susceptible to HT or whether it reflects the effects of the disease itself. In this study, we report for the first time a comprehensive characterization of the taxonomic and functional profiles of the gut microbiota in euthyroid seropositive and seronegative participants. Our primary goal was to determine taxonomic and functional signatures of the intestinal microbiota associated with serum thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb). A secondary aim was to determine whether different ethnicities warrant distinct reference intervals for accurate interpretation of serum thyroid biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this cross-sectional study, euthyroid participants with (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009159) and without (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091309) TPOAb were selected from the multiethnic (European Dutch, Moroccan, and Turkish) HEalthy Life In an Urban Setting (HELIUS) cohort. Fecal microbiota composition was profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing. Differences between the groups were analyzed based on the overall composition (alpha and beta diversity), as well as differential abundance (DA) of microbial taxa and functional pathways using multiple DA tools.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall composition showed a substantial overlap between the two groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05 for alpha-diversity;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.39 for beta-diversity), indicating that TPOAb-seropositivity does not significantly differentiate gut microbiota composition and diversity. Interestingly, TPOAb status accounted for only a minor fraction (0.07%) of microbiome variance (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.545). Further exploration of taxonomic differences identified 138 taxa nominally associated with TPOAb status. Among these, 13 taxa consistently demonstrated nominal significance across three additional DA methods, alongside notable associations within various functional pathways. Furthermore, we showed that ethnicity-specific reference intervals for serum thyroid biomarkers are not required, as no significant disparities in serum thyroid markers were found among the three ethnic groups residing in an iodine-replete area (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05 for thyrotropin, free thyroxine, and TPOAb).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that there is no robust difference in gut microbiome between individuals with or without TPOAb in terms of alpha and beta-diversity. Nonetheless, several taxa were identified with nominal significance related to TPOAb presence. Further research is required to determine whether these changes indeed imply a higher risk of overt HT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\".png\"\/>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T12:26:26Z","timestamp":1701087986000},"page":"101-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Taxonomic and Functional Gut Microbiota Profiles in Relation to Seroconversion of Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in Euthyroid Participants"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4872-9493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline C.","family":"Fenneman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of (Experimental) Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Boulund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of (Experimental) Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Collard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of (Experimental) Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrike","family":"Galenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health (APH), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aeilko H.","family":"Zwinderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health (APH), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bert-Jan H.","family":"van den Born","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of (Experimental) Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health (APH), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne H.","family":"van der Spek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8048-9050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Fliers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rampanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of (Experimental) Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Blaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway New Jersey, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Nieuwdorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of (Experimental) Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9703-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30703-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0228"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.2.6385"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515.The"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2097-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2011.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317503"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.92"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.774362"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0606"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5036959"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.579140"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14038"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10040192"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0395"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0160-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr030"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdb.12856"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-005-0246-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017873"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01633.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009442"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169283"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.180"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2022.108238"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188475"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0526"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-017-0813-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20200475"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0491"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322630"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00973-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-4505(90)90012-P"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02709.x-i1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herder WW De Hazenberg MP Oosterlaken AC et al. 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