{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:40:52Z","timestamp":1788392452842,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited information is available on the long-term impact of active surveillance (AS) and immediate surgery (IS) on the quality of life (QoL) and psychological status of patients with highly suspicious subcentimeter thyroid nodules.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective study was conducted on 752 patients showing highly suspicious subcentimeter thyroid nodules, among whom 584 chose AS and 168 chose IS. All patients underwent at least two assessments regarding their QoL and psychological status, using three questionnaires: Thyroid Cancer-Specific Quality of Life (THYCA-QoL), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Core Questionnaire (QLQ-C30). Propensity-score matching (PSM) at a ratio of 3:1 was utilized on patients in the AS and IS groups to mitigate selection bias (504 patients in the AS group and 168 in the IS group). Subsequently, the mixed linear model was used to analyze the QoL data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The median time from the initial evaluation to the last follow-up in the AS and IS groups was 24.0 and 14.2 months, respectively. The AS group showed superior QoL outcomes compared to the IS group, mainly manifested in voice (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), sympathetic (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008), throat\/mouth (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and problems with scar (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) domains, as per the THYCA-QoL questionnaire. Further, the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire highlighted better outcomes in physical function (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029), role function (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), social function (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), global health status (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), fatigue (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012), pain (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028), appetite loss (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017), and financial difficulties (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Compared to the initial assessment (1 week after surgery), the IS group showed progressive improvements in QoL, especially in voice (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024), throat\/mouth (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), physical function (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004), social function (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014), nausea and vomiting (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), pain (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006), and appetite loss (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.048) domains as per both questionnaires.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with highly suspicious subcentimeter thyroid nodules who choose IS tend to experience a poorer long-term QoL compared to those who choose AS. Although the situation may improve over time, certain issues might persist, making AS a favorable option for these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T04:08:25Z","timestamp":1706155705000},"page":"611-625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Long-Term Study Comparing the Quality of Life and Psychological Status of Patients with Highly Suspicious Thyroid Nodules \u22641\u2009cm Undergoing Active Surveillance with Those Undergoing Immediate Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4227-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2063-4652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luying","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuewu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4874-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuzhou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-0871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2719"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2014.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00035-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0367"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-0303-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-051517-125510"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0448"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-4026"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz113"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2019.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0076"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0711"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2020-0201"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-022-06786-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-190778"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","first-page":"779","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"28","author":"Teng W","year":"2012","unstructured":"Teng W, , Liu Y, , Gao M, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2012; 28(10):779\u2013797.","journal-title":"Chin J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2012.718445"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-007-9275-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.3.1188"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2023.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03366.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1203"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0624"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.3875"}],"container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/thy.2023.0478","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/thy.2023.0478","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/thy.2023.0478","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:11:10Z","timestamp":1777587070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/thy.2023.0478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/thy.2023.0478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2023.0478","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-7256","1557-9077"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-7256","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9077","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}}}