{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T12:14:19Z","timestamp":1789820059204,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid disorders are associated with various dietary factors and nutritional elements. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between dietary vitamin E intake and the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibody positivity using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the NHANES database collected between 2007 and 2012 were analyzed. A total of 7,773 nonpregnant adults without preexisting thyroid diseases and possessing complete thyroid and vitamin E data were included in the study. The participants were categorized into tertiles based on their dietary vitamin E intake: the lowest group (T1: \u22644.53 mg), the intermediate group (T2: 4.54\u20138.10 mg), and the highest group (T3: \u22658.11 mg). We used a complex multistage probability sampling design in conjunction with R software. We compared thyroid indices, the prevalence of overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, and the occurrence of thyroid antibody positivity among the three groups based on vitamin E intake. Weighted multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between dietary vitamin E intake and thyroid disorders. Restricted cubic splines (RCSs) were used to explore potential nonlinear associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence rates of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) were 3.63%, 3.07%, and 1.85% in T1, T2, and T3, respectively, indicating a decreasing trend (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -trend = 0.013). In the general population, high vitamin E intake (T3) was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of SCH (OR = 0.28, CI = 0.15\u20130.54,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed a more pronounced protective effect in males, with both moderate (T2, OR = 0.45, CI = 0.23\u20130.87,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.020) and high (T3, OR = 0.19, CI = 0.09\u20130.39,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) dietary vitamin E intake being associated with a lower prevalence of SCH. In addition, moderate (T2, OR = 0.59, CI = 0.37\u20130.93,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.024) and high (T3, OR = 0.52, CI = 0.36-0.75,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) dietary vitamin E intake was associated with a lower prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) in males. However, no significant association was observed among females.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this study suggest that a higher intake of vitamin E is associated with lower prevalence rates of SCH and autoimmune thyroiditis among males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T09:20:48Z","timestamp":1711531248000},"page":"753-763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Vitamin E Intake and Prevalence Rates of Thyroid Dysfunction and Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2084-7945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siying","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People\u2019s Republic of China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cihang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People\u2019s Republic of China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People\u2019s Republic of China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People\u2019s Republic of China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People\u2019s Republic of China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People\u2019s Republic of China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6396-7225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People\u2019s Republic of China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043586"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0311-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0635"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1474169"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111614"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-7827(03)00024-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2035"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(00)00189-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy035"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061735"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9801-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0624-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2008.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/enr-2017-0021"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_275_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1611144"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0205"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00290"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409589"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1124648"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092566"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1002489"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.836357"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020348"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.251"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1462"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200512-1946OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.111385"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540152122102"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1217-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000533"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081915"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101505"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10894"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.19.5941"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10418"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127241"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141223893"}],"container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/thy.2023.0561","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/thy.2023.0561","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/thy.2023.0561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:11:19Z","timestamp":1777587079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/thy.2023.0561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/thy.2023.0561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2023.0561","relation":{},"I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