{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T17:38:43Z","timestamp":1781199523531,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Telemedicine and e-Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strabismus is a common ocular condition requiring precise quantification of gaze deviation and qualification of strabismus category. Telemedicine refers to the use of technology to remotely diagnose and treat medical conditions. This narrative review aimed to assess the efficacy of a variety of telemedicine modalities for the assessment of strabismus. A secondary objective was to quantify overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of automated methods using meta-analysis of available data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was conducted using the Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library data libraries. Keywords, including \u201cstrabismus,\u201d \u201cphoria,\u201d \u201ctelemed*,\u201d and \u201ctelehealth,\u201d were used to locate relevant studies, with Medical Subject Headings terms, free text, and synonyms. No year restrictions were applied. Studies not in English were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-four studies were included. All outcomes relating to accuracy and reliability of telemedicine versus a reference standard were extracted, as well as qualitative observations. High sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and agreement were consistently shown across studies. Meta-analysis of two subsets featuring automated methods, for which relevant data were available, revealed a pooled accuracy of 0.877 (0.806\u20130.949), sensitivity of 0.856 (0.805\u20130.907), and specificity of 0.900 (0.845\u20130.954). Subcategories \u201cremote standard assessment,\u201d \u201cdigital image analysis,\u201d \u201cwearable devices,\u201d \u201cmobile health (mHealth),\u201d and \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d were independently examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of systems achieved parity with standard physician assessment, with the added benefit of eliminating subjectivity. Meta-analysis results suggest potential introduction of remote automated assessment where conventional assessment is unavailable, although accuracy of current technologies remains limited compared to in-person examination. Telemedicine modalities described offer convenience for patients, shorter examination times, and the potential to go beyond in-person assessments. The evidence gathered in this review supports the beginning of telemedicine integration into the world of strabismus diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2024.0115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T11:10:04Z","timestamp":1719313804000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Role of Telemedicine in Strabismus Assessment: A Narrative Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Dominic S.H.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GKT School of Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulmalik","family":"Alsaif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moorfield\u2019s Eye Hospital Trust, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lloyd","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moorfield\u2019s Eye Hospital Trust, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2015.21.4.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2023.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(00)00377-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/1357633021937361"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.2.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2022.08.096"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318385"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2011.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300305"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11400"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-014-9758-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2018.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20471\/acc.2021.60.04.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9840494"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.7.22"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.1.33"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2011.07.0128"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2246161"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2019.105132"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02016-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18226"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-01902-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104527"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-05066-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001451"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-007-0212-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273970903234032"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7692198"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","first-page":"180902940","article-title":"Automated strabismus detection for telemedicine applications","author":"Lu J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu J, , Fan Z, , Zheng C, et al. Automated strabismus detection for telemedicine applications. arXiv Preprint, 2018:180902940.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255643"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269365"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.179"}],"container-title":["Telemedicine and e-Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/tmj.2024.0115","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/tmj.2024.0115","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/tmj.2024.0115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:35:47Z","timestamp":1777588547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/tmj.2024.0115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/tmj.2024.0115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/tmj.2024.0115","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-5627","1556-3669"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-5627","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-3669","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}}}