{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T05:18:28Z","timestamp":1791695908725,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transgender Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender-diverse individuals in India face considerable discrimination, stigma, and violence. There is a dearth of published literature describing experiences of violence among this population and potential links to mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A questionnaire was administered to 282 study participants, 18 years of age and older, who self-identified as hijra, kothi, double decker, or bisexual and were actively enrolled in a local HIV prevention program in Bangalore, India in 2012. Responses were used to calculate a composite depression\/anxiety score. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and experiences of physical and sexual violence in the previous six months were tested and differences in depression\/anxiety score based on experiences of violence were explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent physical violence was common among study participants and was reported among 46% of nirvan (emasculated) hijras (transgender), 42% of akwa (not emasculated) hijras, and 25% of kothis (feminine acting males). Rape in the previous year was particularly common among akwa hijras (39%). Factors associated with being raped included younger age, less education, and employment in basti (blessings), sex work, chela (disciple of hijra guru), or at a community-based organization. Kothis had the highest depression\/anxiety score. No significant difference in depression\/anxiety score based on recent history of physical violence or rape was found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical violence and poor mental health are common among gender-diverse individuals in Bangalore, Karnataka. There is a need for services that cater to the unique mental health needs of gender-diverse individuals in India, following rights-based approaches that address the underlying roots of oppression they encounter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2018.0051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T10:27:52Z","timestamp":1573036072000},"page":"316-325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Violence and Mental Health Among Gender-Diverse Individuals Enrolled in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Program in Karnataka, South India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Laura H.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Centre for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Studies, Dr. K.N. Modi University, Newai, India."},{"name":"Philips Innovation Campus, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parinita","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Centre for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Centre for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anindita","family":"Bhowmik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shajy","family":"Isac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Centre for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."},{"name":"Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Lorway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Centre for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","unstructured":"Dutta S Lorway R Bhattacharjee P et al. 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