{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:32:49Z","timestamp":1792593169274,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transgender Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender identity change efforts (GICEs), sometimes referred to as \u201cconversion therapy,\u201d are considered pseudoscientific and unethical practices that are not supported by the existing scientific literature. However, a substantial portion of transgender people face such practices during their lives. We assessed lifetime exposure to GICEs and its associations with mental health indicators among transgender adults in South Korea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed a nationwide cross-sectional survey of 566 Korean transgender adults conducted in October 2020. Lifetime exposure to GICEs was classified as follows: \u201cnever had GICE-related experiences,\u201d \u201creceived a referral, but did not undergo GICEs,\u201d and \u201cundergone GICEs.\u201d We assessed mental health indicators, including past-week depressive symptoms; medical diagnosis or treatment of depression and panic disorder; and past 12-month suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-harm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the total participants, 12.2% had \u201creceived a referral, but did not undergo GICEs,\u201d and 11.5% had \u201cundergone GICEs.\u201d Compared with those who had \u201cnever had GICE-related experiences,\u201d participants who had \u201cundergone GICEs\u201d showed significantly higher prevalence of depression (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]=1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.11\u20131.61), panic disorder (aPR=2.52, 95% CI=1.75\u20133.64), and suicide attempts (aPR=1.73, 95% CI=1.10\u20132.72). However, we did not find significant associations between having \u201creceived a referral, but did not undergo GICEs\u201d and mental health indicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given our findings suggest that lifetime exposure to GICEs may harm transgender adults' mental health, legal restrictions should be imposed to ban GICEs in South Korea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2021.0171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T15:23:01Z","timestamp":1646234581000},"page":"273-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Gender Identity Change Efforts Are Associated with Depression, Panic Disorder, and Suicide Attempts in South Korean Transgender Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hyemin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don","family":"Operario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjee J.","family":"Restar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungsub","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Jung","family":"Eom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horim","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Sup","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea."},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea."},{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. Answers to Your Questions About Transgender People Gender Identity and Gender Expression. Washington DC: American Psychological Association 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","unstructured":"Madrigal-Borloz V . Practices of so-called \u201cconversion therapy.\u201d Report of the Independent Expert on Protection Against Violence and Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. 2020. New York NY United Nations General Assembly."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305237"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","unstructured":"Mallory C Brown TNT Conron KJ. Conversion Therapy and LGBT Youth. Los Angeles CA The Williams Institute 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. APA Resolution on Gender Identity Change Efforts. Washington DC: American Psychological Association 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305765"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305701"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2285"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00684-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","unstructured":"American Medical Association. LGBTQ Change Efforts (So-Called \u201cConversion Therapy\u201d). Chicago IL: American Medical Association 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2016.0015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","unstructured":"Lee B. First member expelled from Korean Counseling Psychological Association for engaging in \u2018conversion therapy\u2019 [in Korean]. Seoul: The Kyunghyang Shinmun 2019. Available at: https:\/\/m.khan.co.kr\/national\/national-general\/article\/201902080600085 Accessed October15 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000081"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","unstructured":"Kim SS Park J Lee H et al. Unconditionally You\u2014Experiences of Discrimination and Health of Korean Transgender People [in Korean]. Seoul: Soombook 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2018005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21562\/kjs.2017.05.51.2.155"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","unstructured":"Hong SS Kang M Kim SS et al. A Report of Research on Hate and Discrimination Against Transgender People in South Korea [in Korean]. 2020. Seoul National Human Rights Commission of Korea."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","unstructured":"SOGILAW. Human Rights Situation of LGBTI in South Korea 2018 [in Korean]. 2019. Seoul SOGILAW."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","unstructured":"Yi H Luhur W Brown TNT . Public opinion of transgender rights in South Korea. 2019. Los Angeles CA The Williams Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539520912594"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-012-0216-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","unstructured":"Network for the Elimination of Conversion Therapy. A report of research on counseling experiences of sexual and gender minority individuals in South Korea [in Korean]. 2016. Seoul Network for the Elimination of Conversion Therapy."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0314-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","first-page":"381","article-title":"Diagnostic validity of the CES-D (Korean version) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression [in Korean]","volume":"32","author":"Cho MJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cho MJ, , Kim KH. Diagnostic validity of the CES-D (Korean version) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression [in Korean]. 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Korean J Int Comp Law. 2013; 58:131\u2013160.","journal-title":"Korean J Int Comp Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2020.1745113"}],"container-title":["Transgender Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/trgh.2021.0171","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/trgh.2021.0171","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/trgh.2021.0171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:41:12Z","timestamp":1777588872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/trgh.2021.0171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/trgh.2021.0171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/trgh.2021.0171","relation":{},"ISSN":["2688-4887","2380-193X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2688-4887","type":"print"},{"value":"2380-193X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}}}