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Elevated BPD prevalence among TGD populations could be due to factors other than BPD-specific psychopathology. Studies of TGD samples typically omit assessment of BPD, making it difficult to understand elevated BPD diagnosis. The current study explored (1) differences in BPD diagnosis among TGD patients versus cisgender patients, (2) if differences were explained by BPD-specific pathology, and (3) if BPD diagnostic disparities existed based on assessment modality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data from TGD (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =74) and cisgender heterosexual (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =920) patients who presented for treatment at one partial hospitalization program from 2014 to 2019 were compared to investigate differences in the frequency of BPD diagnosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A larger proportion of TGD patients were diagnosed with BPD than cisgender patients (odds ratio [OR]=4.05,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). The disparity in diagnosis persisted even after controlling for BPD-specific personality pathology (OR=2.98,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). BPD diagnostic disparity occurred when assessed using structured (OR=4.78,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) and unstructured (OR=3.61,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) interview methods. There was no disparity, however, when BPD was diagnosed using an algorithm based on BPD-specific personality pathology purported to underlie the diagnosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical providers appear inclined to assign a BPD diagnosis to TGD patients that may not correspond with group differences in underlying personality pathology. That some BPD symptoms might be more likely in TGD samples, future research can examine criterion-level biases in BPD diagnosis among TGD individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2023.0062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T09:57:16Z","timestamp":1691143036000},"page":"554-565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients Are Diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder More Frequently Than Cisgender Patients Regardless of Personality Pathology"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4595-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"Rodriguez-Seijas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa A.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA."},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Health, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0404"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(99)90123-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0b013e3182a75c2c"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.6.915"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m14062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029597"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v51n03_04"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2019.1591789"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2016.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2011.700873"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220600975121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000081"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2016.0012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2011.534038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926790802262523"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2009.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000234"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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