{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:33:24Z","timestamp":1790530404158,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    West Nile fever epidemiology is complex, and the role of birds in the maintenance, amplification, and dissemination of the West Nile virus (WNV) remains partially unknown. In 2003, a serological study was performed in Senegal, where West Nile infection is considered endemic. The goal was to identify potential reservoirs of WNV among bird species present in the Ferlo area (northern Senegal) and the Senegal River Valley, and to screen the ecological factors possibly related to West Nile infection. Serological data were analyzed using a generalized linear model. Statistical association between ecological factors and the risk of infection were then modeled to derive a species-specific risk. A cross-validation was conducted. The overall observed prevalence rate was 5.5% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009422). Thirteen bird species were found positive, from which five were migrating:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lanius senator<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anthus trivialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hippolais opaca<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Jynx torquilla<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cercotrichas galactotes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The nesting type in resident birds was positively correlated with the risk of infection (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u200911,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0003); the gregariousness level of birds appeared as a protective factor (OR\u2009=\u20090.3,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01). The predicted prevalence varied between 1% and 39% for resident species and between 1% and 7% for migrating species. Results of model internal validation were satisfactory at the individual and species level. However, more field and experimental investigations are needed to confirm these preliminary results and help target the future research and surveillance in Senegal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,6]],"date-time":"2009-01-06T15:40:31Z","timestamp":1231256431000},"page":"589-596","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Predicting West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in Wild Birds in Senegal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Veronique","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Research in Agronomy for Development (CIRAD, UR AGIRs)","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Reynaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD)","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Lefran\u00e7ois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Research in Agronomy for Development (CIRAD, UMR 15)","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence Fran\u00e7aise de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA)","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Baillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD)","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Balan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Research in Agronomy for Development (CIRAD, UR AGIRs)","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Gaidet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Research in Agronomy for Development (CIRAD, UR AGIRs)","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Mondet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD)","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Lancelot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Research in Agronomy","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.5.936"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.3.1041-1047.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","volume-title":"Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information -theoretic approach","author":"Burnham KP","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burnham KP, , Anderson DR. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information -theoretic approach. New-York: Sringer-Verlag, 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1373.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of sentinel chickens to study the transmission dynamics of West Nile virus in a Sahelian ecosystem","volume":"136","author":"Chevalier V","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chevalier V, , Lancelot R, , Dia\u00eft\u00e9 A, , Mondet B et al. Use of sentinel chickens to study the transmission dynamics of West Nile virus in a Sahelian ecosystem. 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