{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:47:35Z","timestamp":1777877255447,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. are fastidious, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria and are usually vector-borne. However, the vector has not been definitively identified for many recently described species. In northern California, gray foxes (\n Urocyon cinereoargenteus<\/jats:italic>\n ) are infected with two zoonotic\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n species,\n B. rochalimae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii<\/jats:italic>\n . Fleas (range 1\u20138 fleas per fox) were collected from 22 (41.5%) of 54 gray foxes from urban and backcountry zones near Hoopa, California. The flea species were determined, and DNA was individually extracted to establish the\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n species harbored by these fleas. Of the 108 fleas collected, 99 (92%) were identified as\n Pulex simulans<\/jats:italic>\n . Overall, 39% (42\/108) of the fleas were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive for\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n , with\n B. rochalimae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n B. vinsonii<\/jats:italic>\n subsp.\n berkhoffii<\/jats:italic>\n identified in 34 (81%) and 8 (19%) of the PCR-positive fleas, respectively. There was no difference between the prevalence of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. in\n P. simulans<\/jats:italic>\n for the urban and backcountry zones. Fourteen (64%) of the 22 foxes were\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n bacteremic at one or more of the capture dates. In 10 instances, both the foxes and the fleas collected from them at the same blood collection were\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n -positive.\n B. rochalimae<\/jats:italic>\n was the predominant species identified in both foxes and fleas. The competency of\n Pulex<\/jats:italic>\n fleas as a vector of\n B. rochalimae<\/jats:italic>\n has not been confirmed and will need to be demonstrated experimentally.\n Pulex<\/jats:italic>\n spp. fleas readily feed on humans and may represent a source of human exposure to zoonotic species of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,6]],"date-time":"2009-01-06T15:39:56Z","timestamp":1231256396000},"page":"597-602","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Zoonotic\n Bartonella<\/i>\n Species in Fleas Collected on Gray Foxes (\n Urocyon cinereoargenteus<\/i>\n )"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mourad W.","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt State University"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Henn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"Napa County Health and Human Services Agency Public Health Division"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard N.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rickie W.","family":"Kasten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno B.","family":"Chomel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00228-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-45-1-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.428"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-43-4-777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.4.1221-1226.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4193-4200.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990514"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.050931"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.8.1952-1956.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"511","volume-title":"Wild mammals of North America: biology, management and conservation","author":"Cypher BL","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cypher BL. Feldhamer GA, , Thompson BC, , Chapman JA. Foxes. Wild mammals of North America: biology, management and conservation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003; 511\u2013546."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.58.030603.123700"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065987"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.6.915"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503957"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","unstructured":"Gabriel MW. Exposure to Anaplasma phagocytophilum and ticks in gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in northern Humboldt County California [masters thesis] Arcata CA: Humboldt State University 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","volume-title":"20th Meeting of the American Society for Rickettsiology and 5th International Conference on Bartonella as emerging pathogens","author":"Gonzales-Acuna D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gonzales-Acuna D, , Perez-Martinez L, , Venzal JM, , Portillo A et al. Detection of Bartonella sp. in Pulex irritans from Chile. 20th Meeting of the American Society for Rickettsiology and 5th International Conference on Bartonella as emerging pathogens, Sept 2\u20137, 2006 Pacific Grove, CAAbst #154."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3671614"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02539-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases","author":"Henn JB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Henn JB, , Koehler JE, , Gabriel M, , Kasten RW et al. A new zoonotic Bartonella sp. in domestic dogs and wild carnivores from California. International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, March 19\u201322, 2006 Atlanta, GA, USAPoster # 316A."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.3.490"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","volume-title":"Fleas of Western North America","author":"Hubbard C","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hubbard C. Hafner. Fleas of western North America. Their relationship to the public health. Fleas of Western North America. Hafner Publishing Co.: New York, 1968."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Prevalence of human pathogens in cat and dog fleas in New Zealand","volume":"118","author":"Kelly PJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kelly PJ. Prevalence of human pathogens in cat and dog fleas in New Zealand. N Z Med J, 2005; 118:1226.","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.7.1813-1818.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","volume-title":"The fleas of the Pacific northwest","author":"Lewis R","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lewis R, , Lewis J, , Maser C. The fleas of the Pacific northwest. 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Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 2003b. 10:686\u2013691.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1698-1700.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","volume-title":"Soil survey Hoopa Valley, California","author":"Singer BC","year":"1975","unstructured":"Singer BC, , Begg EL. Soil survey Hoopa Valley, California. Davis, CA: University of California, 1975."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2006.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","first-page":"164","volume-title":"The Wild Canids","author":"Trapp GR","year":"1975","unstructured":"Trapp GR, , Hallberg DL. Fox MW. 1975. Ecology of the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus): a review. The Wild Canids. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1975; 164\u2013178."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.10.3641-3647.2002"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2008.0134","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2008.0134","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2008.0134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:46:00Z","timestamp":1777589160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2008.0134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2008.0134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2008.0134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}}}