{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:52:33Z","timestamp":1793116353638,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mosquitoes of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex are important vectors of West Nile virus in the United States. We examined the genetic variations of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes from Chicago, Illinois that were determined to be principally ornithophilic but exhibited a relatively higher inclination for mammalian hosts including humans. Microsatellite analysis of 10 polymorphic markers was performed on 346 engorged\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    specimens with identified avian or mammalian blood meals. Our results indicated that there were no significant differences in allelic richness, the pattern of conformity to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and linkage disequilibrium, nor was there overall genetic differentiation between specimens with avian- and mammalian-derived blood meals. However,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    form pipiens with mammalian- (including human-) derived blood meals had significantly higher ancestry (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and proportion of hybrids (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) from the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    form molestus (population from New York City) than did those with avian-derived blood meals. By contrast, there were no significant differences in the ancestry (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05) and the proportion of hybrids (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05) from\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (population from Harris Country, Texas). No temporal genetic variation was detected in accordance with the observation that there was no shift in blood feeding from birds to mammals. The results of this study in conjunction with regional host-feeding behavior suggest that the probability of genetic ancestry from\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    f. molestus may predispose mosquitoes to feed more readily on mammals; however, the genetic mechanisms are unknown.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,13]],"date-time":"2009-03-13T07:56:43Z","timestamp":1236931003000},"page":"637-642","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Genetic Variation Associated with Mammalian Feeding in\n                    <i>Culex pipiens<\/i>\n                    from a West Nile Virus Epidemic Region in Chicago, Illinois"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shaoming","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel L.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goudarz","family":"Molaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward D.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony L.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uriel D.","family":"Kitron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore G.","family":"Andreadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.5.777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153036604773083013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1957.6.153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.161.3836.67"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","unstructured":"Goudet J. FSTAT a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3) http:\/\/wwwunilch\/izea\/softwares\/fstathtml 2001Updated from Goudet (1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.1.125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","first-page":"521","article-title":"Culex (Culex) molestus Forskal (Diptera: Culicidae): neotype designation, description, variation, and taxonomic status","volume":"86","author":"Harbach RE","year":"1984","unstructured":"Harbach RE, , Harrison BA, , Gad AM. Culex (Culex) molestus Forskal (Diptera: Culicidae): neotype designation, description, variation, and taxonomic status. Proc Entomol Soc Wash, 1984; 86:521\u2013542.","journal-title":"Proc Entomol Soc Wash"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.518"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/41.5.50"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8286.2003.00557.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","first-page":"2327","article-title":"Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission","volume":"273","author":"Kilpatrick AM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kilpatrick AM, , Daszak P, , Jones MJ, , Marra PP et al. Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proc Biol Sci, 2006; 273:2327\u20132333.","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2006)22[390:CPDAWN]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.051004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8286.2003.00566.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.2.203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010617"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01034.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Studies on autogeny in Culex pipiens populations in nature. I. Reproductive isolation between autogenous and anautogenous populations","volume":"80","author":"Spielman A","year":"1964","unstructured":"Spielman A. Studies on autogeny in Culex pipiens populations in nature. I. Reproductive isolation between autogenous and anautogenous populations. 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