{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:47:57Z","timestamp":1777877277963,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of human rabies in the United States has decreased significantly over the past century. This analysis examines the ecological status of rabies in Louisiana with the intent of identifying differences in risk of rabies transmission from exposures to different species of animals. Louisiana presently harbors one terrestrial variant of rabies, a skunk variant, and several bat variants. Surveillance data collected from 1988 through 2007 were examined, comparing areas of the state characterized by circulating terrestrial variants and areas free of terrestrial rabies. Nine state public health regions were also compared. The proportions of rabies-positive laboratory submissions from each species and\/or species group were used as indicators of risk. In addition, differences in proportions positive were examined temporally. A significant proportion of positive bats (9.64%) and skunks (44.3%), examined after biting or otherwise exposing a human being, were identified by diagnostic laboratories. Samples from wild terrestrial animals originating in areas known to harbor circulating terrestrial rabies variants were more than 30 times more likely to be positive for rabies than samples originating from areas thought to be free of terrestrial rabies. Bats were also slightly more likely to be positive when submitted from areas known to be endemic for terrestrial rabies. Rabies in pets and agricultural animals were rarely reported. Seasonal variations in prevalence of positive tests were also identified. The results of this examination of rabies epidemiology in Louisiana can be used in determining recommendations for both pre- and postexposure rabies prophylaxis. Similar applications of surveillance data are encouraged in other jurisdictions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T15:36:55Z","timestamp":1243870615000},"page":"283-289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Epidemiology of Animal Rabies and Its Practical Application to Pre- and Postexposure Prophylaxis, Louisiana, 1988 to 2007"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gary A.","family":"Balsamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LA Department of Health and Hospitals"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raoult C.","family":"Ratard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LA Department of Health and Hospitals"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.4.540"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"307","volume-title":"The Natural History of Rabies","author":"Charlton KM","year":"1991","unstructured":"Charlton KM, , Webster WA, , Casey GA. Skunk rabies. Baer GM. The Natural History of Rabies, 2nd. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991; 307\u2013324.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"Edwards M. Animal bites: a practical approach to management. Clin Updates Pediatr Infect Dis 1998; 5. http:\/\/www.nfid.org\/publications\/pediatric_archive\/bites.html. 2008 October 3."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2004.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation","author":"Gannon W","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gannon W. Bats (vespertilionidae, molossidae, phyllostomidae) Feldhamer GA, , Thompson BC, , Chapman JA. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003; 56\u201374."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.4.620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.2.291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"Louisiana Administrative Code. The control of rabies and other zoonotic diseases. Public Health Sanitary Code Louisiana Administrative Code (rev. 2007) Title 51 Part III:21\u201322. http:\/\/doa.louisiana.gov\/osr\/lac\/51v01\/51.doc. 2008 October 9."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human rabies prevention\u2014United States 2008: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices","volume":"57","author":"Manning SE","year":"2008","unstructured":"Manning SE, , Rupprecht CE, , Fishbein D, , Hanlon CA et al. Human rabies prevention\u2014United States 2008: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR, 2008; 57,Early Release:1\u201326, 28.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","unstructured":"Michigan Department of Community Health Community Disease Division. Bites and scratches from zoo\/exotic animals: risk for rabies? 1997. www.michigan.gov\/documents\/emergingdiseases\/Exotic_Zoo_Bites_Fact_Sheet-FINAL_241997_7.pdf. 2008 October 3."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-27.3.452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2001. 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Louisiana Morbidity Report, 1990; 1:4.","journal-title":"Louisiana Morbidity Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2006.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"142","article-title":"Seasonal occurrence and habitat preference of rabid skunks in southern Alberta","volume":"25","author":"Rosatte RC","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rosatte RC. Seasonal occurrence and habitat preference of rabid skunks in southern Alberta. Can Vet J, 1984; 25:142\u2013144.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Control and prevention of rabies in animals: paradigm shifts","volume":"125","author":"Rupprecht CE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rupprecht CE, , Hanson C. Control and prevention of rabies in animals: paradigm shifts. Dev Biol (Basel), 2006; 125:103\u2013111.","journal-title":"Dev Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","unstructured":"Texas Department of State Health Services. 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