{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:11:24Z","timestamp":1790759484344,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The altitudinal shift in the limit of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    occurrence above the previously established altitude of 750\u2009m above sea level has been monitored over the long-term (2002\u20132008) in the Krkono\u0161e Mts. (Giant Mts.), the highest in the Czech Republic, along two vertical transects in their eastern and central parts (600\u20131020 and 600\u20131270\u2009m). Ticks were collected by flagging three times annually, and examined individually by PCR or RT-PCR for the presence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu lato or tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). A total of 5999\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks were tested. TBEV RNA was detected in 26 ticks at up to 1140\u2009m. Demonstration of TBEV in two larvae of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    indicates transovarial transmission. Similar infection rates in larvae and nymphs show vertical transmission in TBEV circulation to be very important under these mountain conditions.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu stricto was found at up to 1040\u20131065\u2009m,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia garinii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia afzelii<\/jats:italic>\n                    up to 1080\u20131140\u2009m, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia valaisiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    up to 1270\u2009m. The total infection rates of nymphs and larvae were 7.3% and 2%, respectively.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. garinii<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the most prevalent (37%), followed by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (29%),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.s. (11%), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. valaisiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    (9%). Double to quadruple coinfections were detected in 32% of the infected ticks, most frequently\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. garinii\/B. afzelii.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Predominance of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. garinii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. valaisiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    over\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>\n                    suggests that small passerine birds moving on the ground are responsible for permanent local populations of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in mountain localities with low numbers of small terrestrial mammals. The detection of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu lato and TBEV in host-seeking larvae indicates an autochthonic infection. Upon analysis of the local climate we consider climate warming to be responsible for the spreading of ticks and tick-transmitted pathogens to higher altitudes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,3]],"date-time":"2009-06-03T17:44:47Z","timestamp":1244051087000},"page":"223-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Integration of a Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    sensu lato into Mountain Ecosystems, Following a Shift in the Altitudinal Limit of Distribution of Their Vector,\n                    <i>Ixodes ricinus<\/i>\n                    (Krkono\u0161e Mountains, Czech Republic)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Vlasta","family":"Danielov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Schwarzov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Materna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krkono\u0161e Museum","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Rudenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Golovchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslava","family":"Holubov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libor","family":"Grubhoffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic","place":["Czech Republic"]},{"name":"University of South Bohemia","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Kili\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Bohemia","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Birds in lowland forests, their role and importance for the existence for the existence of natural foci of diseases","volume":"1","author":"Bal\u00e1t F","year":"1954","unstructured":"Bal\u00e1t F, , Rosick\u00fd B. Birds in lowland forests, their role and importance for the existence for the existence of natural foci of diseases. \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 Parasitologie, 1954; 1:22\u201344(In Czech, Engl. Summary.)","journal-title":"\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 Parasitologie"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0569"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.6.1109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Results of investigations of Ixodes ricinus (L.) tick phenology in Czech lands in 1960\u20131962","volume":"2","author":"\u010cern\u00fd V","year":"1965","unstructured":"\u010cern\u00fd V, , Rosick\u00fd B, , A\u0161mera J, , Kadl\u010d\u00edk K et al. Results of investigations of Ixodes ricinus (L.) tick phenology in Czech lands in 1960\u20131962. \u010cs Parasitol, 1965; 2:125\u2013131(In Czech, Engl. Summary.)","journal-title":"\u010cs Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Influence of the microclimate on the vertical distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) in Central Europe","volume":"34","author":"Daniel M","year":"1993","unstructured":"Daniel M. Influence of the microclimate on the vertical distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) in Central Europe. Acarologia, 1993; 34:105\u2013113.","journal-title":"Acarologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"The microclimate at different altitudes of the Krkono\u0161e Mountains and its effect on the existence of the tick Ixodes ricinus (L.)","volume":"25","author":"Daniel M","year":"1988","unstructured":"Daniel M, , \u010cern\u00fd V, , Albrecht V, , Honz\u00e1kov\u00e1 E. The microclimate at different altitudes of the Krkono\u0161e Mountains and its effect on the existence of the tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) Opera Concortica, 1988; 25:76\u2013110(In Czech, Engl. 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(Czech Republic\/Poland in 1991\u20131994) Vrchlab\u00ed, Czech Republic: Administration of Krkono\u0161e National Park, 1999; 350(In Czech and Polish.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis outbreak owing to consumption of fresh cheese from unpasteurized goat milk","volume":"17","author":"Holzmann H","year":"2008","unstructured":"Holzmann H, , Heinz XH. Tick-borne encephalitis outbreak owing to consumption of fresh cheese from unpasteurized goat milk. Virusepidemiologische Information, Medizinische Universit\u00e4t Wien, 2008; 17\/8:2\u20134(In German.)","journal-title":"Virusepidemiologische Information, Medizinische Universit\u00e4t Wien"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996325.0117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.11.3355-3358.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.11.2830-2834.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Altitudinal distribution limit of the tick Ixodes ricinus shifted considerably towards higher altitudes in central Europe: results of three years monitoring in the Krkono\u0161e Mts. (Czech Republic)","volume":"13","author":"Materna J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Materna J, , Daniel M, , Danielov\u00e1 V. Altitudinal distribution limit of the tick Ixodes ricinus shifted considerably towards higher altitudes in central Europe: results of three years monitoring in the Krkono\u0161e Mts. (Czech Republic) Cent Eur J Publ Health, 2005; 13:24\u201328.","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Publ Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Krkono\u0161e","author":"Metelka L","year":"2007","unstructured":"Metelka L. Mrkvica Z, , Hal\u00e1sov\u00e1 O, , Clima. Flousek J, , Hartmanov\u00e1 O, , \u0160tursa J, , Potocki J. Krkono\u0161e. Prague, Czech Republic: Baset, 2007; 147\u2013154."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","article-title":"\u201cSheep cheese\u201d epidemic\u2014mass incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the Vset\u00edn district","volume":"37","author":"Orol\u00ednov\u00e1 M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Orol\u00ednov\u00e1 M. \u201cSheep cheese\u201d epidemic\u2014mass incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the Vset\u00edn district. Proc Natl Conf Microbiol Epidemiol B\u0159eclav, 2000; 37.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Conf Microbiol Epidemiol B\u0159eclav"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.172"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(93)90145-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Notes on the ecology of the tick Ixodes ricinus L. in Central Europe with respect to natural foci","volume":"18","author":"Rosick\u00fd B","year":"1954","unstructured":"Rosick\u00fd B. Notes on the ecology of the tick Ixodes ricinus L. in Central Europe with respect to natural foci. V\u011bst \u010cs Spol Zool, 1954; 18:41\u201370(In Czech, German Summary.)","journal-title":"V\u011bst \u010cs Spol Zool"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus-specific RT-PCR\u2014a rapid test for detection of the pathogen without viral RNA purification","volume":"48","author":"Rudenko N","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rudenko N, , Golovchenko M, , Cihl\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1 V, , Grubhoffer L. Tick-borne encephalitis virus-specific RT-PCR\u2014a rapid test for detection of the pathogen without viral RNA purification. 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Biotechniques, 1991; 10:506\u2013513.","journal-title":"Biotechniques"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2009.0020","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2009.0020","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2009.0020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:46:35Z","timestamp":1777589195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2009.0020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2009.0020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2009.0020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}}}