{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:14:01Z","timestamp":1791191641931,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"\n An epidemiological study was carried out on the vectors and reservoirs of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural areas of Damghan district, Semnan province, central Iran, during 2008\u20132009. Totally, 6110 sand flies were collected using sticky papers and were subjected to molecular methods for detection of\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n parasite.\n Phlebotomus papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n Scopoli was the common species in outdoor and indoor resting places. Polymerase chain reaction technique showed that 24 out of 218\n P. papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n (11%) and 4 out of 62\n Phlebotomus caucasicus<\/jats:italic>\n Marzinovskyi (6.5%) were positive for parasites\n Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n Yakimoff and Schokhor. Twenty-one rodent reservoir hosts captured using Sherman traps were identified as\n Rhombomys opimus<\/jats:italic>\n Lichtenstein (95%) and\n Meriones libycus<\/jats:italic>\n Lichtenstein (5%). Microscopic investigation on blood smear of the animals for amastigote parasites revealed 8 (40%) rodents infected with\n R. opimus<\/jats:italic>\n .\n L. major<\/jats:italic>\n infection in these animals was then confirmed by polymerase chain reaction against internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci of the parasite followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Further, sequence analysis of 297\u2009bp of ITS1-rDNA loci revealed the presence of\n L. major<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Leishmania turanica<\/jats:italic>\n in\n P. papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n L. major<\/jats:italic>\n in\n R. opimus<\/jats:italic>\n . This is the first molecular report of\n L. major<\/jats:italic>\n infection in both vectors (\n P. papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n and\n P. caucasicus<\/jats:italic>\n ) and reservoir host (\n R. opimus<\/jats:italic>\n ) in this region. The results indicated that\n P. papatas<\/jats:italic>\n was the primary vector of the disease and circulating the parasite between human and reservoirs, and\n P. caucasicus<\/jats:italic>\n could be considered as a secondary vector. Further, our study showed that\n R. opimus<\/jats:italic>\n is the most important host reservoir for maintenance of the parasite source in the area.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,24]],"date-time":"2010-06-24T10:12:09Z","timestamp":1277374329000},"page":"145-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Molecular Detection of\n Leishmania<\/i>\n Infection Due to\n Leishmania major<\/i>\n and\n Leishmania turanica<\/i>\n in the Vectors and Reservoir Host in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yavar","family":"Rassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Oshaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadegh Mohammadi","family":"Azani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Abaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Rafizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Medical Education","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Mohebai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mohtarami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad kazem","family":"Zeinali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healh Center of Damghan","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485906X78454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","volume-title":"Macdonald Encyclopedia of Mammals","author":"Boitani L","year":"1980","unstructured":"Boitani L, , Bartoli S. 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B: Khorassan area, part V; report on a focus of zoonotic cutaneaous leishmaniasis in Esferayen","volume":"69","author":"Javadian E","year":"1976","unstructured":"Javadian E, , Nadim A, , Tahvidare-Bidruni GH, , Assefi V. Epidemiology of cutaneaous leishmaniasis in Iran. B: Khorassan area, part V; report on a focus of zoonotic cutaneaous leishmaniasis in Esferayen. Bull Soc Pathol Exot, 1976; 69:140\u2013143.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00255.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Key for the species identification of sand flies (Diptera: phlebotominae) of Iran","volume":"5","author":"Nadim A","year":"1976","unstructured":"Nadim A, , Javadian E. Key for the species identification of sand flies (Diptera: phlebotominae) of Iran. Iran J Public Health, 1976; 5:25\u201328.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.10.2877-2881.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.08-0469"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania major in naturally infected sand flies using semi nested-PCR","volume":"37","author":"Oshaghi MA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oshaghi MA, , Yaghobi-Ershadi MR, , Abbassi M, , Parvizi P et al. Detection of Leishmania major in naturally infected sand flies using semi nested-PCR. 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