{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:49:02Z","timestamp":1777877342430,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intestinal schistosomiasis, caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      , is endemic to Lake Victoria, with high prevalence of the disease observed in human lakeshore communities. However, nonhuman primates have recently been overlooked as potential hosts of the disease, despite known susceptibility.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using a variety of stool, urine, and serological diagnostic methods, 39 semi-captive wild-born chimpanzees and 37 staff members at Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Lake Victoria, Uganda, were examined for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. Miracidia recovered from stool were DNA barcoded to investigate cross-over between humans and chimpanzees. The island was also surveyed for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                      intermediate host snails, which were examined for infection with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chimpanzees were unequivocally shown to be infected with intestinal schistosomiasis with a seroprevalence in excess of 90%. Three egg-positive cases were detected, although the sensitivity of the diagnostic tests varied due to earlier prophylactic praziquantel treatment. Miracidia hatched from chimpanzee stool revealed three DNA haplotypes commonly found in humans living throughout Lake Victoria, including staff on Ngamba Island, as well as two novel haplotypes. At one site, a snail was observed shedding schistosome cercariae.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The anthropozoonotic potential of intestinal schistosomiasis on Ngamba Island is greater than previously thought. Moreover, the ability of chimpanzees to void schistosome eggs capable of hatching into viable miracidia further suggests that these nonhuman primates may be capable of maintaining a local zoonotic transmission of schistosomiasis independently of humans. The implications for management of captive and wild primate populations at risk of exposure are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,13]],"date-time":"2011-01-13T13:46:16Z","timestamp":1294926376000},"page":"169-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Confirmed Infection with Intestinal Schistosomiasis in Semi-Captive Wild-Born Chimpanzees on Ngamba Island, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Claire J.","family":"Standley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"University of Nottingham","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Mugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust (CSWCT)","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaco J.","family":"Verweij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Adriko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Arinaitwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candia","family":"Rowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Atuhaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Betson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust (CSWCT)","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoffer R.","family":"van Tulleken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal Free Hospital","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisette","family":"van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilly","family":"Ajarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust (CSWCT)","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narcis B.","family":"Kabatereine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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