{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:53:34Z","timestamp":1790870014451,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Babesioses are hematic tick-borne diseases that induce malaria-like disorders in domestic, wild animals, and humans. Although indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) commercial kits are available to test the presence of antibodies against most\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, no kit exists to serologically diagnose the infections due to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Babesia divergens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , one of the most important zoonotic species. To fill this gap and to develop assays to detect animal and human infections,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    cultures (microaerophilous stationary phase system) of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. divergens<\/jats:italic>\n                    were organized. Infected erythrocytes were adsorbed as corpuscular antigen (CA) on IFAT slides and ELISA microwells. The supernatant medium of the cultures (metabolic antigen, MA) was collected and employed in ELISA and western blot (WB) assays.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. divergens<\/jats:italic>\n                    was also used to produce positive sera in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Meriones unguiculatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and to infect a calf. Serological tests were set up with sera from experimentally\/naturally infected animals, and possible cross-reactions were evaluated using heterologous sera from cattle positive to other piroplasms. Sera from clinically healthy people at risk of infection were also tested. As expected, assays based on the purified MAs from\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    cultures proved more sensitive and specific than CA-IFAT and CA-ELISA. In fact, MA-ELISA provided satisfactory performances (even if 8.4%\u201315.7% cross-reactions were evidenced), and the WB developed proved totally sensitive and specific. WB indicated as immunodominant antigens two major protein bands at 33 and 37\u2009kDa, which were also evidenced in 2.2% of the human sera tested, proving the parasite transmission to humans also in Italy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,13]],"date-time":"2011-10-13T15:51:12Z","timestamp":1318521072000},"page":"106-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of Culture-Based Serological Assays to Diagnose\n                    <i>Babesia divergens<\/i>\n                    Infections"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Gabrielli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Roma Sapienza","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Galuppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Marcer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Padova","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Marini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Paola","family":"Tampieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabella","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Perugia","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Pietrobelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Padova","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Cancrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Roma Sapienza","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"In vitro culture of Babesia divergens as a study method and diagnostic support","volume":"52","author":"Bonoli C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bonoli C, , Aureli S, , Galuppi R, , Tampieri MP. In vitro culture of Babesia divergens as a study method and diagnostic support. Parassitologia, 2010; 52:297.","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.3.811-817.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01074.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001387"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-1060-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Human babesiosis, an emerging zoonosis","volume":"49","author":"Genchi C","year":"2007","unstructured":"Genchi C. Human babesiosis, an emerging zoonosis. 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Animal babesiosis: an emerging zoonosis also in Italy? Parassitologia, 2007; 49,Suppl 1:33\u201338.","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-4-199308150-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1968.17.810"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Piroplasmosis in man; report of a case","volume":"9","author":"Skrabalo Z","year":"1957","unstructured":"Skrabalo Z, , Deanovic Z. Piroplasmosis in man; report of a case. 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