{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T19:00:01Z","timestamp":1778612401525,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus is a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne zoonosis that is responsible for outbreaks of severe disease in humans and equines, resulting in high mortality or severe neurological impairment in most survivors. In the northeastern United States, EEE virus is maintained in an enzootic cycle involving the ornithophilic mosquito\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">, Culiseta melanura<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Coquillett) and passerine birds in freshwater swamp habitats. To evaluate the role of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cs. melanura<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culiseta morsitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Theobald) in recent episodes of EEE virus activity in Massachusetts, we collected blood-fed mosquitoes between June, 2007, and October, 2008, from virus foci in 6 counties, and identified the source of blood meals by PCR amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">b<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene and sequencing. Analysis of 529\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cs. melanura<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 25\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cs. morsitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    revealed that nearly 99% and 96% of mosquitoes, respectively, acquired blood meals solely from avian hosts. American Robin,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Turdus migratorius<\/jats:italic>\n                    Linnaeus was identified as the most common vertebrate host for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cs. melanura<\/jats:italic>\n                    (21.7%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =115), followed by Tufted Titmouse,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Baeolophus bicolor<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L.) (8.7%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =46), Black-capped Chickadee,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Poecile atricapillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L.) (8.5%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =45), Scarlet Tanager,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Piranga olivacea<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Gmelin) (6.8%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =36), Field Sparrow,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Spizella pusilla<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Wilson) (6.2%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =33), Northern Cardinal,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cardinalis cardinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L.) (5.7%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =30), and other mostly Passeriformes birds. Mammalian-derived blood meals were identified as white-tailed deer,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Odocoileus virginianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Zimmermann, domestic cow,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bos taurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    L., and human,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. There were 4 isolations of EEE virus, West Nile virus, and Highland J virus from\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cs. melanura<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results in conjunction with other lines of evidence, including reservoir competency, prevalence of antibody, and infection in nature, suggest that the American Robin, Tufted Titmouse, Black-capped Chickadee, and a few other passerine birds may play key roles in supporting EEE virus transmission in Massachusetts. Infrequent blood feeding of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cs. melanura<\/jats:italic>\n                    on mammalian hosts, including humans, also indicates that this mosquito may occasionally contribute to epidemic\/epizootic transmission of EEE virus in this region.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,8]],"date-time":"2013-03-08T10:55:17Z","timestamp":1362740117000},"page":"312-323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Vector-Host Interactions and Epizootiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Massachusetts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Goudarz","family":"Molaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodore G.","family":"Andreadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Deschamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Massachusetts Mosquito Control Project"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Cuebas-Incle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Massachusetts Mosquito Control &amp; Wetlands Management District, Newburyport, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Massachusetts Mosquito Control &amp; Wetlands Management District, Newburyport, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Smole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Matton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol County Mosquito Control Project, Taunton, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol County Mosquito Control Project, Taunton, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Curtis","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Massachusetts Mosquito Control Project"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Frank","family":"Cornine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Massachusetts Mosquito Control Project"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Bidlack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth County Mosquito Control Project, Kingston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Texeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth County Mosquito Control Project, Kingston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.3.296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2004.4.360"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification guide to the mosquitoes of Connecticut","volume":"966","author":"Andreadis TG","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andreadis TG, , Thomas MC, , Shepard JJ. 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