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These pathogens include zoonotic bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersina pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptobacillus moniliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), viruses (Seoul hantavirus), and parasites (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Angiostrongylus cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). A more complete understanding of the ecology of these pathogens in people and rats is critical for determining the public health risks associated with urban rats and for developing strategies to monitor and mitigate those risks. Although the ecology of rat-associated zoonoses is complex, due to the multiple ways in which rats, people, pathogens, vectors, and the environment may interact, common determinants of human disease can still be identified. This review summarizes the ecology of zoonoses associated with urban rats with a view to identifying similarities, critical differences, and avenues for further study.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T09:57:07Z","timestamp":1366106227000},"page":"349-359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":354,"title":["Rats, Cities, People, and Pathogens: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Literature Regarding the Ecology of Rat-Associated Zoonoses in Urban Centers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chelsea G.","family":"Himsworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Animal Health Centre","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirbee L.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jardine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univeristy of Guelph","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Patrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1332\/174426407781738029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2001.95"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2008.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0303.970308"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.567"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2001000700014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.48454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06012-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-001-0660-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.1997.tb00163.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0803.010250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.428"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120701358432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012a. 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