{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:09:41Z","timestamp":1784887781999,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Disease transmission within and among wild and domestic carnivores can have significant impacts on populations, particularly for threatened and endangered species. We used serology to evaluate potential exposure to rabies virus, canine distemper virus (CDV), and canine parvovirus (CPV) for populations of African lions (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Panthera leo<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), African wild dogs (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lycaon pictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and spotted hyenas (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Crocuta crocuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in Zambia's South Luangwa National Park (SLNP) and Liuwa Plain National Park (LPNP) as well as community lands bordering these areas. In addition, domestic dogs in the study region were evaluated for exposure to CDV and rabies. We provide the first comprehensive disease exposure data for these species in these ecosystems. Twenty-one lions, 20 hyenas, 13 wild dogs, and 38 domestic dogs were sampled across both regions from 2009 to 2011. Laboratory results show 10.5% of domestic dogs, 5.0% of hyenas, and 7.7% of wild dogs sampled were positive for CDV exposure. All lions were negative. Exposure to CPV was 10.0% and 4.8% for hyenas and lions, respectively. All wild dogs were negative, and domestic dogs were not tested due to insufficient serum samples. All species sampled were negative for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies except lions. Forty percent of lions tested positive for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies. Because these lions appeared clinically healthy, this finding is consistent with seroconversion following exposure to rabies antigen. To our knowledge, this finding represents the first ever documentation of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies consistent with rabies exposure that did not lead to clinical disease in free-ranging African lions from this region. With ever-increasing human pressure on these ecosystems, understanding disease transmission dynamics is essential for proper management and conservation of these carnivore species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,27]],"date-time":"2013-06-27T09:33:35Z","timestamp":1372325615000},"page":"643-649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Rabies, Canine Distemper, and Canine Parvovirus Exposure in Large Carnivore Communities from Two Zambian Ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Are R.","family":"Berentsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike R.","family":"Dunbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambian Carnivore Programme","place":["Zambia"]},{"name":"Montana State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jassiel","family":"M'soka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambian Carnivore Programme","place":["Zambia"]},{"name":"Montana State University"},{"name":"Zambia Wildlife Authority","place":["Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egil","family":"Droge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambian Carnivore Programme","place":["Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Sakuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Kalabo, Zambia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wigganson","family":"Matandiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambian Carnivore Programme","place":["Zambia"]},{"name":"Montana State University"},{"name":"Zambia Wildlife Authority","place":["Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"McRobb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Luangwa Conservation Society","place":["Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathleen A.","family":"Hanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas State University Rabies Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-30.4.481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Evidence of canine distemper virus infection among free-ranging hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in the Masai Mara, Kenya","volume":"26","author":"Alexander KA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Alexander KA, , Kat PW, , Frank LG, , Holekamp KE et al. 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