{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T19:07:54Z","timestamp":1778872074890,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Since 1998, Lyme disease cases have increased in south-central Pennsylvania, which includes Gettysburg National Military Park (NMP). Limited information is available about tick populations or pathogens in this area, and no data regarding frequency of tick bites or prevention measures among Gettysburg NMP employees are available. To address these gaps, ticks were collected, classified, and replaced (to minimize disruptions to tick populations) at two sites within Gettysburg NMP during April\u2013September, 2009, among eight nonremoval samplings. On two additional occasions during May and June, 2009, ticks were collected and removed from the two original sites plus 10 additional sites and tested for tick-borne pathogens by using PCR. A self-administered anonymous survey of Gettysburg NMP employees was conducted to determine knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding tick-borne diseases. Peak\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    nymph populations were observed during May\u2013July. Of 115\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks tested, 21% were infected with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including 18% of 74 nymphs and 27% of 41 adults; no other pathogen was identified. The entomologic risk index was calculated at 1.3 infected nymphs\/hour. An adult and nymph\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Amblyomma americanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    were also found, representing the first confirmed field collection of this tick in Pennsylvania, but no pathogens were detected. The survey revealed that most park employees believed Lyme disease was a problem at Gettysburg NMP and that they frequently found ticks on their skin and clothing. However, use of personal preventive measures was inconsistent, and 6% of respondents reported contracting Lyme disease while employed at Gettysburg NMP. These findings indicate a need to improve surveillance for tick bites among employees and enhance prevention programs for park staff and visitors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T15:32:55Z","timestamp":1396366375000},"page":"227-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Exposure to\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    and Other Tick-Borne Pathogens in Gettysburg National Military Park, South-Central Pennsylvania, 2009"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"George S.","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Georgia"]},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen Y.","family":"Stromdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Public Health Command (formerly U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Park Service Office of Public Health","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre C.","family":"Weltman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.5.2326-2328.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2005.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1992\u20132006","volume":"57","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2008","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1992\u20132006. MMWR Surveill Summ, 2008; 57(No. SS-10):1\u20139.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Summary of notifiable diseases\u2014United States, 2008","volume":"57","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2010","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Summary of notifiable diseases\u2014United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2010; 57:1\u201394.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.48.091801.112728"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009886"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283144"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.4.732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"174","article-title":"Development of a duplex quantitative real-time PCR assay for the detection of tick-borne spotted fever group rickettsiae and Rickettsia rickettsii","volume":"78","author":"Jiang J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jiang J, , Blair PJ, , Olson JG, , Stromdahl E, et al. Development of a duplex quantitative real-time PCR assay for the detection of tick-borne spotted fever group rickettsiae and Rickettsia rickettsii. Int Rev Armed Forces Med Serv, 2005; 78:174.","journal-title":"Int Rev Armed Forces Med Serv"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3390-3391.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008879"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","unstructured":"Mead P. Education behavior change and other non-pharmaceutical measures against Lyme and other tick-borne diseases. In: Committee on Lyme Disease and Other Tick-Borne Diseases: The State of the Science; Institute of Medicine eds. Critical Needs and Gaps in Understanding Prevention Amelioration and Resolution of Lyme and Other Tick-Borne Diseases: The Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes: Workshop Report. Washington D.C. The National Academies Press 2011:165\u2013169."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.5.711"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.6.1269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31863.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.6.2191-2199.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.1.67"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02317.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.6.1057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.179622"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2013.1363","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2013.1363","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2013.1363","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:52:12Z","timestamp":1777589532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2013.1363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2013.1363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2013.1363","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}}}