{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:19:08Z","timestamp":1788311948920,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the blacklegged tick, is capable of transmitting the pathogens that cause Lyme disease (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), babesiosis (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), anaplasmosis (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and to a lesser extent Powassan encephalitis (deer tick virus [DTV]). These pathogens represent significant public health problems, but little is known about the occurrence and co-infection prevalence of these pathogens in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here, we used standard PCR and pathogen-specific primers to estimate the prevalence of infection of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. phagocytophilium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ehrlichia chaffeensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in questing nymph and adult\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    collected from sites in Putnam and Dutchess counties in southern New York in 2011. To detect DTV infection, cell cultures were observed for the presence of cytopathic effects and positive results were confirmed via real time RT-PCR. In 466 individually sampled adult ticks,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    had the highest prevalence of infection (55%) followed by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (18.2%), DTV (3.4%),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                    (3.2%), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. chaffeensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.5%). Infection with two pathogens occurred in 13.3% of ticks, and 10 ticks were infected with three combinations of three pathogens. These results provide an estimate of the rate of co-infection, which then can help inform the epidemiological risk of contracting multiple zoonotic tick-borne pathogens within the Hudson Valley region of New York State.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T15:23:43Z","timestamp":1396365823000},"page":"245-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["The Prevalence of Zoonotic Tick-Borne Pathogens in\n                    <i>Ixodes Scapularis<\/i>\n                    Collected in the Hudson Valley, New York State"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Aliota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Alan P.","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Wilczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York at Albany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Ostfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center"},{"name":"State University of New York at Albany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2799-2801.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1992\u20132006","volume":"57","author":"Bacon RM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bacon RM, , Kugeler KJ, , Mead PS. 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