{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:51:28Z","timestamp":1777877488927,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Populations at the edge of their geographic distributions are referred to as peripheral populations. Very little attention has been given to this topic in the context of persistence of infectious disease in natural populations. In this study, we examined this question using zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the Negev Desert of Israel as a model system. Here, we suggest that the regional persistence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Phlebotomus papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission in the Sede Boqer region could be explained through processes akin to sink-source and\/or mainland-island metapopulation dynamics. Given its potentially enzootically superior ecological conditions, we hypothesize that the Zin Valley ecotope constitutes the \u201cmainland\u201d or the \u201csource\u201d patch for the Sede Boqer area where\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission is persistent and resistant to local extinctions (die-outs) whereas the local sand fly populations on the Zin Plateau (\u201cisland patch\u201d or \u201csink patch\u201d) are more prone to local extinctions. Between 2007 and 2008, we trapped sand flies and sand rats in the two areas and compared sand fly abundance and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection prevalence in both. In both 2007 and 2008, sand fly abundance was high and continuous in the Zin Wadi but low and discontinuous in the Zin Plateau. Infection prevalence of sand rats was significantly higher in the Wadi (13%) compared with the Zin Plateau (3%). Minimum infection rate in sand flies did not differ significantly between the two areas. Overall, our results are consistent with the premise that the Zin Valley population is relatively robust in terms of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission, whereas transmission is potentially more tenuous in the plateau. Understanding the biotic and abiotic processes enabling the persistence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other vector-borne diseases in peripheral disease foci is important for predicting the effect of anthropogenic land use and climate change.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T16:36:33Z","timestamp":1406651793000},"page":"592-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Zoonotic Disease in a Peripheral Population: Persistence and Transmission of\n                    <i>Leishmania major<\/i>\n                    in a Putative Sink-Source System in the Negev Highlands, Israel"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ruti","family":"Berger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gideon","family":"Wasserberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Warburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laor","family":"Orshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Burt P.","family":"Kotler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"84","article-title":"Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) Jacusieli Theodor, 1947\u2014New Sandfly Species for Fauna of USSR","volume":"12","author":"Artemiev MM","year":"1978","unstructured":"Artemiev MM, , Dergacheva TI. Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) Jacusieli Theodor, 1947\u2014New Sandfly Species for Fauna of USSR. Parazitologiya, 1978; 12:84\u201387.","journal-title":"Parazitologiya"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(96)00041-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"The New Israel Guide","author":"Ben-Yosef S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ben-Yosef S. The New Israel Guide. Keter: Ministry of Defense, 2001."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"Berger R. Determining the Environmental Risk Factors for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in the Negev and Possibilities for Disease Control. 1-104. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(73)90007-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.597"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2917-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","first-page":"863","article-title":"Density dependent habitat selection in Psammomys obesus and its possible ecological consequences on the off-burrow flea activity","volume":"43","author":"Cervantes F","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cervantes F, , Shenbrot G, , Kotler B. Density dependent habitat selection in Psammomys obesus and its possible ecological consequences on the off-burrow flea activity. 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Bet Dagan Israel: Bet Dagan Meteorological Services 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00739.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00046-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(93)90043-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3242-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.3.319"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6877"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","unstructured":"Perfil'ev PP. Fauna of the U.S.S.R. Diptera Phlebotomidae (Sandflies). Academy of Sciences of the USSR Zoological Institute 1968."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/284880"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. 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