{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:31:01Z","timestamp":1790652661747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Early studies confirmed\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in emesis and feces of flies under laboratory conditions, but there is little empirical field evidence supporting the roles of flies in anthrax transmission. We collected samples during outbreaks of anthrax affecting livestock and native and exotic wildlife on two ranches in West Texas (2009\u20132010). Sampling included animal carcasses, maggots, adult flies feeding on or within several meters of carcasses, and leaves from surrounding vegetation. Microbiology and PCR were used to detect\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the samples. Viable\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\/or PCR-positive results were obtained from all represented sample types. Genetic analysis of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    samples using multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) confirmed that each ranch represented a distinct genetic lineage. Within each ranch, we detected the same genotype of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    from carcasses, maggots, and adult flies. The results of this study provide evidence supporting a transmission cycle in which blowflies contaminate vegetation near carcasses that may then infect additional browsing animals during anthrax outbreaks in the shrubland environment of West Texas.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T16:36:33Z","timestamp":1406651793000},"page":"576-583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The Necrophagous Fly Anthrax Transmission Pathway: Empirical and Genetic Evidence from Wildlife Epizootics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jason K.","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida"},{"name":"University of Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Van Ert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn C.","family":"Mullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted L.","family":"Hadfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida"},{"name":"HADECO, LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin E.","family":"Hugh-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.0987"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9637-1_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-10-253"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.3.918"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Feeding habits and flight range of blow-flies (Chrysomyia spp.) in relation to anthrax transmission in the Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"57","author":"Braack L","year":"1990","unstructured":"Braack L, , De Vos V. Feeding habits and flight range of blow-flies (Chrysomyia spp.) in relation to anthrax transmission in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1990; 57:141\u2013142.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","volume-title":"White-Tailed Deer Habitat: Ecology and Management on Rangelands","author":"Fulbright TE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fulbright TE, , Ortega-s JA. White-Tailed Deer Habitat: Ecology and Management on Rangelands. Texas A & M University Press, 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.16264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00867.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.10.2928-2936.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-33"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","volume-title":"Blood-sucking insects as transmitters of anthrax or charbon","author":"Morris H","year":"1918","unstructured":"Morris H. Blood-sucking insects as transmitters of anthrax or charbon. Agricultural Experiment Station of the Louisiana State University and A & M College, 1918."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v4i1.824"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Surveillance and Control of Anthrax in Humans and Animals","author":"Turnbull P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turnbull P, , B\u00f6hm R, , Hugh-Jones M, , Melling J. Guidelines for the Surveillance and Control of Anthrax in Humans and Animals, 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008:219.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/ES12-00245.1"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2013.1538","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2013.1538","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2013.1538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:52:46Z","timestamp":1777589566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2013.1538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2013.1538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2013.1538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}}}