{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:13:53Z","timestamp":1791339233530,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tick-borne spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses are emerging human diseases caused by obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria of the genus\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Despite being important causes of systemic febrile illnesses in travelers returning from sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about the reservoir hosts of these pathogens. We conducted surveys for rickettsiae in domestic animals and ticks in a rural setting in western Kenya. Of the 100 serum specimens tested from each species of domestic ruminant 43% of goats, 23% of sheep, and 1% of cattle had immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the SFG rickettsiae. None of these sera were positive for IgG against typhus group rickettsiae. We detected\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia africae<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013genotype DNA in 92.6% of adult\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Amblyomma variegatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks collected from domestic ruminants, but found no evidence of the pathogen in blood specimens from cattle, goats, or sheep. Sequencing of a subset of 21 rickettsia-positive ticks revealed\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. africae<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants in 95.2% (20\/21) of ticks tested. Our findings show a high prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. africae<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. variegatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks in western Kenya, which may represent a low disease risk for humans. This may provide a possible explanation for the lack of African tick-bite fever cases among febrile patients in Kenya.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]],"date-time":"2014-10-17T15:02:34Z","timestamp":1413558154000},"page":"693-702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["High Prevalence of\n                    <i>Rickettsia africae<\/i>\n                    Variants in\n                    <i>Amblyomma variegatum<\/i>\n                    Ticks from Domestic Mammals in Rural Western Kenya: Implications for Human Health"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alice N.","family":"Maina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Naval Medical Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia A.","family":"Omulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally J.","family":"Cutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of East London","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrick","family":"Ade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Ogola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Feikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Kariuki","family":"Njenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cleaveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Mpoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zipporah","family":"Ng'ang'a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Breiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darryn L.","family":"Knobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"University of Pretoria","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen L.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.1151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.236216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.11.6628-6636.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-90"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.4961-4967.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(96)80026-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.101081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514664"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-48-3-839"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5456-5465.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","first-page":"1198","article-title":"Tick bite fever and Q fever\u2014a South African perspective","volume":"97","author":"Frean J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Frean J, , Blumberg L. 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