{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:51:35Z","timestamp":1777877495495,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Vector-borne disease (VBD) pathogens remain an emerging health concern for animals and humans throughout the world. Surveillance studies of ticks and humans have made substantial contributions to our knowledge of VBD epidemiology trends, but long-term VBD surveillance data of dogs in the United States is limited. This seroreactivity study assessed US temporal and regional trends and co-exposures to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., and spotted fever group\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    in dogs from 2004\u20132010. Dog serum samples (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    =14,496) were submitted to the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for vector-borne pathogens diagnostic testing using immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays. These convenience samples were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. The largest proportion of samples originated from the South (47.6%), with the highest percent of seroreactive samples observed in the Midatlantic (43.4%), compared to other US regions. The overall seroreactivity of evaluated VBD antigens were\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (10.4%),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (5.2%),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (4.3%),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella henselae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (3.8%),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (1.9%),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella vinsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">berkhoffii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.5%),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Babesia canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.1%), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (0.8%). Significant regional and annual seroreactivity variation was observed with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposures. Seasonal seroreactivity variation was evident with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Seroreactivity to more than one antigen was present in 16.5% of exposed dogs. Nationally, the most prevalent co-exposure was\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (5.3%), and the highest odds of co-exposure was associated with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (odds ratio=6.6; 95% confidence interval 5.0, 8.8). Notable annual and regional seroreactivity variation was observed with certain pathogens over 7 years of study, suggesting canine surveillance studies may have value in contributing to future VBD knowledge.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]],"date-time":"2014-10-17T15:02:34Z","timestamp":1413558154000},"page":"724-732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Regional Seroreactivity and Vector-Borne Disease Co-Exposures in Dogs in the United States from 2004\u20132010: Utility of Canine Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Caroline B.","family":"Yancey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara C.","family":"Hegarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Qurollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Birkenheuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro P.V.P.","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward B.","family":"Breitschwerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2494-2499.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-29"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-97"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-33"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1806.120165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/1530366041210710"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01300.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/1709.110210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.3.458-462.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0752"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0736.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01475.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00011-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.07.002"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne 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