{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T10:12:09Z","timestamp":1780913529188,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Urban Norway and black rats (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rattus rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are reservoirs for variety of zoonotic pathogens. Many of these pathogens, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., and Seoul hantavirus (SEOV), are thought to be endemic in rat populations worldwide; however, past field research has found these organisms to be absent in certain rat populations. Rats (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) from an inner city neighborhood of Vancouver, Canada, were tested for exposure to and\/or infection with SEOV and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (using serology and PCR), as well as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (using culture and sequencing). Approximately 25% of 404 rats tested were infected with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella tribocorum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which demonstrated significant geographic clustering within the study area. Infection was associated with both season and sexual maturity. Seroreactivity against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and SEOV was observed in 0.36% and 1.45% of 553 rats tested, respectively, although PCR screening results for these pathogens were negative, suggesting that they are not endemic in the study population. Overall, these results suggest that the geographic distribution of rat-associated zoonoses, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , SEOV, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., is less ubiquitous than previously appreciated, and is likely dependent on patterns of dispersion and establishment of the rat reservoir host. Further study on global and local\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. population structures may help to elucidate the ecology of zoonotic organisms in these species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]],"date-time":"2015-01-28T08:58:16Z","timestamp":1422435496000},"page":"21-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["An Investigation of\n                    <i>Bartonella<\/i>\n                    spp.,\n                    <i>Rickettsia typhi<\/i>\n                    , and Seoul Hantavirus in Rats (\n                    <i>Rattus<\/i>\n                    spp.) from an Inner-City Neighborhood of Vancouver, Canada: Is Pathogen Presence a Reflection of Global and Local Rat Population Structure?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chelsea G.","family":"Himsworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Y.","family":"Kosoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"DiBernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robbin","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bidulka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jardine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Guelph","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Patrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.56.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.35.010190.003005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0402.980205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.567"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06012-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/527443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01968.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiologic Research","author":"Dohoo I","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dohoo I, , Martin W, , Stryhn H. Veterinary Epidemiologic Research. Charlottetown: AVC Inc., 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007746"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707453104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314824"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","first-page":"341","article-title":"The secret life of the city rat: A review of the ecology of urban Norway and black rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus)","volume":"16","author":"Feng AYT","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feng AYT, , Himsworth C. The secret life of the city rat: A review of the ecology of urban Norway and black rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus). Urban Ecosyst, 2013; 16:341\u2013351.","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.8.3816-3818.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1804.110816"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540802459994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002270"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091654"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01234.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00071-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.98"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01718634"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02140.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2002)083<0478:EAPFAW>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.1.179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410902989837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00149-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120601124280"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.3.449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.622"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1657","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1657","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1657","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:53:07Z","timestamp":1777589587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2014.1657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1657","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}}}