{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:51:52Z","timestamp":1777877512066,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies is arguably the most important viral zoonotic disease worldwide with an estimated 55,000 human deaths each year. Globally, dogs are the primary animals affected. In the United States, especially on the East Coast, raccoons and bats are the primary reservoir. However, in the southwestern United States, skunk and bat rabies play a large role. We describe the epidemiology and environmental risk factors associated with rabies in the US Southwest using exposure data for 2004\u20132012 from one Arizona county as a case study. Unlike other parts of the country, here bats and skunks are the most commonly collected positive animals (62% and 32%, respectively). Even though most of the positive animals were bats, human and domestic animal exposures were primarily a result of skunk interactions (58% and 50%, respectively). Consequently, the majority of exposures occur early in the year, January and February, when the majority of skunk pickups also occur. Using public health surveillance data, our study highlights the importance of recognizing the role of skunks in human and animal exposures in the southwestern United States. Consistent with a \u201cOne Health\u201d approach, our data show how wildlife and domestic animal and human exposures are associated and informative to one another.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,14]],"date-time":"2015-08-14T14:39:44Z","timestamp":1439563184000},"page":"494-501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Recognizing the Role of Skunks in Human and Animal Rabies Exposures in the Southwest"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anissa","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pima County Health Department"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pima County Health Department"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Krone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pima Community College"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heidi E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7496.858"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance","volume":"46","author":"Anonymous","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anonymous. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR, 1997; 46(RR10):1\u201355.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"Arizona Department of Health Services. Manual for Rabies Control and Bite Management. Public Health Preparedness Services 3:1-15. 2013. Available at www.azdhs.gov\/phs\/oids\/vector\/rabies\/pdf\/AZRabiesManual.pdf Accessed August18 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.6.646"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cost of rabies prevention. 2011. 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Department of Public Health Office of Epidemiology. 2012:1\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342387"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1378527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0839"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1912.130265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esi031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Wildlife: The need to better understand the linkages","volume":"365","author":"Rostal MK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rostal MK, , Olival KJ, , Loh EH, , Karesh WB. Wildlife: The need to better understand the linkages. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 2013; 365:101\u2013125.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies","volume":"59","author":"Rupprecht CE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rupprecht CE, , Briggs D, , Brown C, , Franka R, et al. Use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep, 2010; 59:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","unstructured":"US Census Bureau US Department of Commerce. State and County Quick Facts. 2014. Available at http:\/\/quickfacts.census.gov\/qfd\/states\/04\/0477000.html Accessed August18 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","unstructured":"US Fish and Wildlife Service. National Wetlands Inventory. Download Wetlands Mapper. 2013. 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