{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T17:36:21Z","timestamp":1782668181869,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The co-evolution of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Orientia tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its vector\/host\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptotrombidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    mites is important for this bacterium to survive and exist in its environment. The data in this study demonstrated that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    has adapted to take advantage of the parasitic nature of the host's larval stage and thus increase its chance of transmission to a vertebrate host and potentially to other vector mites by increasing its density at the time of transmission. Our data demonstrated that during the larval stage the density of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    was at its highest level compared to other life stages (Kruskal\u2013Wallis,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). We further revealed that the different\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    56-kDa type-specific antigen (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TSA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) genotypes within the mite were maintained and preserved during transovarial transmission from the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptotrombidium imphalum,<\/jats:italic>\n                    lines Li-3 and Li-5. No sequence difference of 56-kDa\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TSA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene (variable domain I\u2013III, 765\u2009bp) was observed between the UT302-like genotype found in mothers and their offspring (100% identity). However, one or two nonsynonymous mutations in the 56-kDa\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TSA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene were observed in the Karp-like genotypes found in the F1 offspring with a percent difference ranging from 0.13 to 0.26 for nucleotide sequences and from 0.39 to 0.78 for amino acid sequences. Additionally, the composition of co-existing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotypes was maintained in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. imphalum<\/jats:italic>\n                    lines through transsovarial and transstadial transmission processes; however, the proportion of these genotypes in each stage varied (larva, nymph, adult). These results show some of the key characteristics of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    maintenance within and transmission among its vector\/host\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. imphalum<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]],"date-time":"2016-01-15T12:01:03Z","timestamp":1452859263000},"page":"33-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Transovarial Transmission of Co-Existing\n                    <i>Orientia tsutsugamushi<\/i>\n                    Genotypes in Laboratory-Reared\n                    <i>Leptotrombidium imphalum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ratree","family":"Takhampunya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Component\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bousaraporn","family":"Tippayachai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Component\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achareeya","family":"Korkusol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Component\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sommai","family":"Promsathaporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Component\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surachai","family":"Leepitakrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Component\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warattaya","family":"Sinwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Component\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Component\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen L.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005909"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.1.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03442.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.5.691"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.1.108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07333.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","first-page":"715","article-title":"A likelihood approach for comparing synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution rates, with application to the chloroplast genome","volume":"11","author":"Muse SV","year":"1994","unstructured":"Muse SV, , Gaut BS. A likelihood approach for comparing synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution rates, with application to the chloroplast genome. Mol Biol Evol, 1994; 11:715\u2013724.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/9.1.71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb35089.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01020-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.21.3.1020-1023.1978"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0393"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"512","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Tamura K","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tamura K, , Nei M. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol, 1993; 10:512\u2013526.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1988.tb01459.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/21.1.17"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1753","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1753","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1753","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T07:15:24Z","timestamp":1779434124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1753"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2014.1753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1753","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}}}