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To review the nomenclature of plague reservoirs, we examined specimens collected in plague foci, carried out new surveys in Brazilian plague regions, and re-evaluated the nomenclature of South American reservoirs on the basis of the current literature. Five of the 15 species involved with plague in Argentina, three of 10 species involved with plague in Bolivia, three of the seven species involved with plague in Peru, five of the nine species involved with plague in Ecuador, and six of the nine species involved with plague in Brazil have undergone taxonomic changes. In the last 20 years, plague cases were recorded in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. These four countries have a high rodent species richness in plague foci, a fact that may be decisive for the maintenance of plague in the wild.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]],"date-time":"2015-09-22T10:02:07Z","timestamp":1442916127000},"page":"571-579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Taxonomic Update of Small Mammal Plague Reservoirs in South America"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cibele R.","family":"Bonvicino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IOC-Fiocruz","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"INCA","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu Nacional-UFRJ","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cordeiro-Estrela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCEN-UFPB","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo S.","family":"D'andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IOC-Fiocruz","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alzira M.P.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIOCRUZ\/PE","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Report on bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis infection) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Almeida AMP","year":"1984","unstructured":"Almeida AMP, , Brasil DP, , Cunha-Silva NT, , Almeida CR. 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